Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Chemically modified bamboo fiber/ABS composites for high-quality additive manufacturing

Polymer Journal volume 53, pages 1459–1467 (2021)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Additive manufacturing enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems. To improve the 3-dimensional (3D) printed quality of bio-based composites, in this study, bamboo fibers were chemically modified via a two-step reaction. In the first step, NCO groups (of a diisocyanate) were grafted onto the surface of fibers, which were subsequently reacted with a polyol. The chemical modification was confirmed by spectroscopic analysis; the hydrophobicity, density, and thermal degradation of the fibers were also evaluated. Afterward, 3D-printed objects were produced using these fibers. First, the printability of these composites was assessed by analyzing their melting flow index (MFI) and glass transition temperature (Tg) values. Next, the enhancement of the 3D printing quality was confirmed by analyzing the morphology of the 3D-printed specimens. The advantage of using treated fibers was reflected in the improved mechanical performance of the obtained 3D specimens.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on SpringerLink
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jyothish Kumar L, Pandey PM, Wimpenny DI. 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies. 3D Print. Addit Manuf Technol. (2018).

  2. Bhuvanesh Kumar M, Sathiya P. Methods and materials for additive manufacturing: a critical review on advancements and challenges. Thin-Walled Struct. 2020;159:107228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Daminabo SC, Goel S, Grammatikos SA, Nezhad HY, Thakur VK. Fused deposition modeling-based additive manufacturing (3D printing): techniques for polymer material systems. Mater Today Chem 2020;16:100248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Singh S, Singh G, Prakash C, Ramakrishna S, Lamberti L, Pruncu CI. 3D printed biodegradable composites: an insight into mechanical properties of PLA/chitosan scaffold. Polym Test 2020;89:106722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Khosravani MR, Zolfagharian A, Jennings M, Reinicke T. Structural performance of 3D-printed composites under various loads and environmental conditions. Polym Test 2020;91:106770.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nadagouda MN, Ginn M, Rastogi V. A review of 3D printing techniques for environmental applications. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020;28:173–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Karakurt I, Lin L. 3D printing technologies: techniques, materials, and post-processing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020;28:134–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kalsoom U, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Recent developments in 3D printable composite materials. RSC Adv. 2016;6:60355–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Balla VK, Kate KH, Satyavolu J, Singh P, Tadimeti JGD. Additive manufacturing of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: Processing and prospects. Compos Part B Eng. 2019;174:106956.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mazzanti V, Malagutti L, Mollica F. FDM 3D printing of polymers containing natural fillers: a review of their mechanical properties. Polym (Basel). 2019;11:1094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hodzic A, Shanks R. Natural Fibre Composites: materials, processes and properties. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Oxford; 2013.

  12. Goh GD, Yap YL, Agarwala S, Yeong WY. Recent progress in additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced polymer composite. Adv Mater Technol. 2019;4:1800271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Stokke DD, Wu Q, Han G. Introduction to wood and natural fiber composites. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Sussex; 2014.

  14. Bahari SA, Krause A. Utilizing Malaysian bamboo for use in thermoplastic composites. J Clean Prod 2016;110:16–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rocky BP, Thompson AJ. Production of natural bamboo fibers: experimental approaches to different processes and analyses. J Text Inst 2018;109:1381–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Trujillo E, Moesen M, Osorio L, Van Vuure AW, Ivens J, Verpoest I. Bamboo fibres for reinforcement in composite materials: strength Weibull analysis. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2014;61:115–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kaur N, Saxena S, Gaur H, Goyal P. A review on bamboo fiber composites and its applications. 2017 Int Conf Infocom Technol Unmanned Syst Trends Futur Dir ICTUS 2017. 2018;2018:843–9.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Liu D, Song J, Anderson DP, Chang PR, Hua Y. Bamboo fiber and its reinforced composites: structure and properties. Cellulose. 2012;19:1449–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gama N, Barros‐Timmons A, Ferreira A, Evtuguin D. Surface treatment of eucalyptus wood for improved HDPE composites properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019;137:48619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lu T, Jiang M, Jiang Z, Hui D, Wang Z, Zhou Z. Effect of surface modification of bamboo cellulose fibers on mechanical properties of cellulose/epoxy composites. Compos Part B Eng. 2013;51:28–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Han Z, Fina A. Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes and their polymer nanocomposites: a review. Prog Polym Sci 2011;36:914–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lee S-Y, Chun S-J, Doh G-H, Kang I-A, Lee S, Paik K-H. Influence of chemical modification and filler loading on fundamental properties of bamboo fibers reinforced polypropylene composites. J Compos Mater 2009;43:1639–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang D, Bai T, Cheng W, Xu C, Wang G, Cheng H, et al. Surface modification of bamboo fibers to enhance the interfacial adhesion of epoxy resin-based composites prepared by resin transfer molding. Polymers (Basel) 2019;11:1–16.

  24. Lacerda PSS, Gama N, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Barros-Timmons A. Grafting poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) from cork via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) towards Higher Quality of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed PMMA/Cork-g-PMMA materials. Polym (Basel). 2020;12:1867.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mandegari M, Fashandi H. Untapped potentials of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polyurethane (ABS/PU) blend membrane to purify dye wastewater. J Environ Manag 2017;197:464–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. de León AS, Domínguez-Calvo A, Molina SI. Materials with enhanced adhesive properties based on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends for fused filament fabrication (FFF). Mater Des 2019;182:108044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gama N, Godinho B, Barros-Timmons A, Ferreira A. PU/Lignocellulosic Composites Produced from Recycled Raw Materials. J Polym Environ. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02191-6 (2021).

  28. Nuno Gama BG, Ana Barros-Timmons AF. PU composites based on different types of textile fibers. J Compos Mater https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983211031656 (2021).

  29. Li H, Liang Y, Li P, He C. Conversion of biomass lignin to high-value polyurethane: a review. J Bioresour Bioprod. 2020;5:163–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Abushammala H, Mao J. A review of the surface modification of cellulose and nanocellulose using aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-isocyanates. Molecules. 2019;24:2782.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Siqueira G, Bras J, Dufresne A. New process of chemical grafting of cellulose nanoparticles with a long chain isocyanate. Langmuir. 2010;26:402–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. He J, Tang Y, Wang S-Y. Differences in morphological characteristics of bamboo fibres and other natural cellulose fibres: studies on Xray diffraction, solid state 13 C-CP/MAS NMR, and second derivative FTIR spectroscopy data. Polym. J. 2007;16:807–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ramesh M, RajeshKumar L, Bhuvaneshwari V. Bamboo fiber compos. Singapore: Springer; 2021. p. 1–13.

  34. Gama N, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Polyurethane foams: past, present, and future. Mater (Basel). 2018;11:1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rimdusit S, Damrongsakkul S, Wongmanit P, Saramas D, Tiptipakorn S. Characterization of coconut fiber-filled polyvinyl chloride/acrylonitrile styrene acrylate blends. J Reinf Plast Compos 2011;30:1691–702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bourmaud A, Beaugrand J, Shah DU, Placet V, Baley C. Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites. Prog Mater Sci 2018;97:347–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zakikhani P, Zahari R, Sultan MTH, Majid DL. Extraction and preparation of bamboo fibre-reinforced composites. Mater Des 2014;63:820–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gama N, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. 3D Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane Filled with Polyurethane Foams Residues. J Polym Environ 2020;28:1560–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gama N, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. 3D printed cork/polyurethane composite foams. Mater Des 2019;179:107905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Amaral C, Gama NV, Mohseni F, Amaral JS, Amaral VS, Marques PAAP, et al. Development of structural layers PVC incorporating phase change materials for thermal energy storage. Appl Therm Eng 2020;179:115707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gama N, Santos R, Godinho B, Silva R, Ferreira A. Triacetin as a secondary PVC plasticizer. J Polym Environ 2019;27:1294–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gama NV, Santos R, Godinho B, Silva R, Ferreira A. Methyl acetyl ricinoleate as polyvinyl chloride plasticizer. J Polym Environ 2019;27:703–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Wang S, Capoen L, D’hooge DR, Cardon L. Can the melt flow index be used to predict the success of fused deposition modelling of commercial poly(lactic acid) filaments into 3D printed materials? Plast Rubber Compos 2018;47:9–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zierdt P, Theumer T, Kulkarni G, Däumlich V, Klehm J, Hirsch U, et al. Sustainable wood-plastic composites from bio-based polyamide 11 and chemically modified beech fibers. Sustain Mater Technol 2015;6:6–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Shahinur S, Hasan M, Ahsan Q, Haider J. Effect of chemical treatment on thermal properties of jute fiber used in polymer composites. J Compos Sci 2020;4:132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Salih AA, Zulkifli R, Azhari CH. Tensile properties and microstructure of single-cellulosic bamboo fiber strips after Alkali treatment. Fibers. 2020;8:26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kushwaha PK, Kumar R. Influence of chemical treatments on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bamboo fiber composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 2011;30:73–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Magalhães da Silva SP, Antunes T, Costa MEV, Oliveira JM. Cork-like filaments for Additive Manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2020;34:101229.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020 and UIDP/50011/2020, financed by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/MCTES. Sandra Magina acknowledges FCT for the PhD grant SFRH/BD/121275/2016. The authors acknowledge Martinho Oliveria for the MF measurements.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro – Campus Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal

    Nuno Gama, Sandra Magina & Ana Barros-Timmons

  2. CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda - Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas, Águeda, Portugal

    Artur Ferreira

Authors
  1. Nuno Gama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sandra Magina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Artur Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ana Barros-Timmons
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed equally to this work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nuno Gama.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gama, N., Magina, S., Ferreira, A. et al. Chemically modified bamboo fiber/ABS composites for high-quality additive manufacturing. Polym J 53, 1459–1467 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-021-00540-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-021-00540-9

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links