Spin–orbit torque engineering in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures with W–Ta or W–V alloy layers between β-W and CoFeB

The spin–orbit torque (SOT) resulting from a spin current generated in a nonmagnetic transition metal layer offers a promising magnetization switching mechanism for spintronic devices. To fully exploit this mechanism, in practice, materials with high SOT efficiencies are indispensable. Moreover, new materials need to be compatible with semiconductor processing. This study introduces W–Ta and W–V alloy layers between nonmagnetic β-W and ferromagnetic CoFeB layers in β-W/CoFeB/MgO/Ta heterostructures. We carry out first-principles band structure calculations for W–Ta and W–V alloy structures to estimate the spin Hall conductivity. While the predicted spin Hall conductivity values of W–Ta alloys decrease monotonically from −0.82 × 103 S/cm for W100 at% as the Ta concentration increases, those of W–V alloys increase to −1.98 × 103 S/cm for W75V25 at% and then gradually decrease. Subsequently, we measure the spin Hall conductivities of both alloys. Experimentally, when β-W is alloyed with 20 at% V, the absolute value of the spin Hall conductivity considerably increases by 36% compared to that of the pristine β-W. We confirm that the W–V alloy also improves the SOT switching efficiency by approximately 40% compared to that of pristine β-W. This study demonstrates a new material that can act as a spin current-generating layer, leading to energy-efficient spintronic devices. Changes to materials used in spintronics, an emerging magnetic memory technology, can reduce the energy costs associated with manipulating electron spin. When an electron from a nonmagnetic metal travels into a thin magnetic film, a twisting force known as the spin-orbit torque can emerge. Findings from researchers led by Young Keun Kim, Korea University, Seoul, and Sonny Rhim, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea, may make it easier to use spin-orbit torque to switch between the on/off states of magnetic memory devices. Through a combination of theory and experiment, the team found that the nonmagnetic metal alloys played a key role in torque generation. An optimized heterostructure with an alloy film based on tungsten and smaller amounts of vanadium boosted torque-based switching efficiency by 40 percent compared to those with pristine tungsten films. Based on the first-principles calculation on the β-W based alloy structure using Ta and V, we have introduced the W–Ta and W–V alloy in between the β-W/CoFeB layer. Through the harmonic response method, we confirmed that experimentally obtained spin-Hall conductivity has fairly similar alloy compositional dependence with the theoretically calculated one. Particularly, when W80V20 alloy was placed at the β-W/CoFeB layer, the spin Hall conductivity reached (−2.77 ± 0.31) × 103 S/cm, which enhanced over 36% compared to the pristine β-W/CoFeB/MgO heterostructure.


Introduction
In recent decades, there has been tremendous advancement in spintronics. Spin-orbit torque (SOT) 1,2 , which is significantly more rapid and energy-efficient than spin-transfer torque (STT) 3,4 , has generated interest from technological and scientific perspectives. SOT is a critical part of magnetization switching, facilitating devices with magnetic memory and logic [5][6][7][8] . In a typical nonmagnetic transition metal (NM)/ferromagnet (FM) heterostructure, polarized spin moments carried by the spin current and accumulated at the NM and FM interface generate a SOT. The spin current, in turn, is known to be generated by the spin-orbit interaction at the NM or NM/FM interface 9,10 . Recently, FMs (e.g., NiFe) 11 have been shown to generate a spin current. Other material classes, such as topological insulators and Weyl semimetals, have also been studied [12][13][14] . However, their application in device manufacturing appears to be limited due to the complexity of the growth method and low thermal stability. Therefore, it is essential to design NMs with manufacturing processfriendly materials, such as W, commonly used in the current semiconductor industry. It is also equally essential to identify material combinations that possess perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), which is the key to achieving high bit density 15,16 . Two orthogonal torques contribute to the SOT: damping-like (DL) and field-like (FL) SOTs. Note that the DL-SOT efficiency per unit current density (ξ DL ) is correlated to the spin Hall angle (θ SH ), which is the charge-to-spin conversion ratio, as follows: ξ DL = T int θ SH , where T int is the interfacial spin transparency. Unless we know the exact value of T int , the value of θ SH is not equal to ξ DL .
Of the various NMs, β-W is a good candidate, showing PMA with CoFeB and a high DL-SOT efficiency ξ DL of −0.33 to −0.40 17,18 . There have been several efforts made to improve the ξ DL of β-W derivatives, e.g., the deposition of W by sputtering under an oxygen atmosphere 19 and multistep W deposition to form a thick β-W layer of up to 16 nm 20 . Both methods achieved ξ DL values of approximately −0.5. In the former study, the PMA strength weakened due to oxygen incorporation, whereas the processing time increased in the latter. Moreover, Ta substitution into β-W was theoretically predicted to achieve a ξ DL of −0.5 due to intrinsic band structure modification 21 .
This study extends this Ta-based theoretical investigation. In addition, we expect V to play a similar role in A15-structured β-W because V has the same number of valence electrons as Ta. Thus, we explore Ta and V substitutions in β-W for a wide range of alloy concentrations. Based on our first-principles band calculations, an alloy layer, W 100−x X x (where X is either Ta or V), was introduced between the β-W and CoFeB layers. We fabricated β-W/W 100−x X x /CoFeB/MgO/Ta heterostructure film stacks on Si wafers coated with thermal oxides for various alloy compositions, 0 < x < 100 at%. Due to the presence of bottom β-W layers, the β-phase in the W 100−x X x alloy layers was expected to be maintained to the maximum extent. Over most of the composition range, PMA was exhibited. Harmonic Hall measurements confirmed that ξ DL increased to −0.49, corresponding to an approximately 40% enhancement compared to that of β-W, which agreed well with the calculated results. This large SOT was further validated using other measurement methods, such as domain wall depinning and the propagation model 22 . This combined theoretical and experimental study provides insight into engineering opportunities for developing materials exhibiting high SOT efficiency.

Theoretical calculations
First-principles calculations were performed using the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package 23 with the projector augmented wave basis 24 . An energy cutoff of 500 eV was selected, with a 16 × 16 × 16 k-point mesh for summation in the Brillouin zone. The generalized gradient approximation was employed for the exchange-correlation potential as parametrized by Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof 25 . The spin Hall conductivity (σ SH ) was calculated using the Kubo formula in the linear response theory 26 as where f kn is the Fermi-Dirac function for the nth band at k; therefore, the Berry curvature of the n-th band at k is expressed as where j x ¼ β 2 Σ ; v x f g is the spin current and Σ is the spin operator in the full relativistic formalism. In this study, the interpolation technique 27,28 using Wannier90 was employed with s, p, and d orbitals of W, Ta, and V atoms. Throughout this study, the xy component of the spin Hall conductivity with the spin axis along the zdirection was considered. For the alloys, the spin Hall conductivity at concentration x was calculated for all possible configurations and was thermodynamically averaged using the Boltzmann factor by considering the relative energies.

Sample preparation
Samples were sputtered onto 1.25 × 1.25 cm 2 thermally oxidized Si wafers under a base pressure below 5 × 10 −9 Torr. The thickness of the Si-oxide layer was 300 nm. The stacking structure of each sample was W (4)/W 100−x X x (2)/CoFeB (0.9)/MgO (1)/Ta (2) (the number in parentheses represents the thickness in nanometers), where X is either Ta or V. A 4-nm-thick β-W layer was employed to maintain the β-phase in the 2-nm-thick W 100 −x X x alloy layer. The alloy layer composition was varied in 10 at% steps by changing the sputtering power densities of the W and Ta (or V) targets during co-deposition. The composition of the CoFeB target was Co 40 Fe 40 B 20 in at%. The metallic layers and the MgO interlayer were produced by DC and radio frequency magnetron sputtering, respectively. All samples were post-annealed at 300°C for 1 h under a magnetic field of 6 kOe applied perpendicular to the film plane under a base pressure of 10 −6 Torr. Each film was patterned into a 5-μm-wide and 35-μm-long Hall cross-device by photolithography (Karl Suss MA6) and Ar ion milling. An electrical contact pad of a Ti/Au bilayer was fabricated using an e-beam evaporator followed by a lift-off process. We also constructed 4 × 4 μm 2 -sized ferromagnetic islands at the center of the Hall bar devices for current-induced SOT switching, in which all parts excluding the islands were W/W-Ta or W/W-V layers.

Measurements
Hysteresis loops were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (Microsense EV9). To evaluate the SOT efficiency, the harmonic Hall response method was employed (Supplementary Note 1, Figs. S1a, b). Two lockin amplifiers were also utilized to simultaneously access the firstand second-harmonic responses of the magnetization. An alternating current (AC) of frequency 13.7 Hz and amplitude 1 mA was applied during the measurement while changing the external magnetic field from −18,000 to 18,000 Oe with different azimuthal angles φ. The polar angle of the sample was tilted (~5°) to prevent the formation of multiple domains.
The current-induced SOT switching was measured by the anomalous Hall voltage of the samples. The Hall voltage was detected by a 100-μA direct current (DC) after applying each current pulse is 0.5-mA steps and a 10-μs width from −15 to 15 mA under a constant external field along the x-direction. The resistivity of the alloyed layer was evaluated using a constant DC supply. Both switching and resistivity were examined using a fourpoint electrical property measurement station (MSTECH M7VC). The crystal structures of the W/W-Ta, and W/ W-V layers were characterized by grazing incidence (GI) X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku ATX-G) with incident angles ranging from 30°to 80°in 0.02°steps. The atomic distribution after annealing at 300°C was evaluated by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM, FEI Double Cs Corrected Titan3 G2 60-300) with energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For the STEM sampling, a focused ion beam (FIB, FEI Quanta3D) system was used. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS, ION-TOF TOF, SIMS 5) was also used to examine the atomic distribution.

Materials screening by ab initio calculations
A previous investigation 21 on x = 12.5 at% Ta alloying was extended in this study to other concentrations of Ta and V. The crystal structure of A15 β-W comprises two symmetrically inequivalent sites: body-centered cubic (bcc) and chain (c) sites. Due to the presence of these two inequivalent sites, several configurations are possible for each x, where the acceptance of a configuration is determined by energetics. The spin Hall conductivity is estimated by thermodynamic averaging (Supplementary Note 2). In particular, for an alloy with a solute composition x = 25 at%, there are four possible configurations: cc, bc, cc', and bb', where b and c denote either a bcc site or a chain site. Specifically, the cc and cc' configurations exist when the solute atoms, either Ta or V, occupy the same and different chain sites, respectively. Similarly, bb' denotes the case when two different bcc sites are replaced, and bc represents the case when each of the bcc and chain sites is substituted ( Supplementary Fig. S2a-d).
The σ SH values were calculated as a function of x (see Fig. 1a, b), and the k-resolved Berry curvatures were obtained for both W-Ta and W-V alloys at x = 25 at% (see Fig. 1c, d). The two alloys exhibit quite different behaviors based on their composition. σ SH for W-Ta decreases monotonically with x, whereas that of the W-V alloy is enhanced as x increases from 12.5 to 50 at%. The W-Ta alloy favors the cc' configuration with a 96% probability; hence, other configurations are not considered. In comparison, for the W-V alloy, the bb' configuration has the highest probability (60.5%), and the bc configuration has a lower probability (35%). The probabilities are estimated using Boltzmann factors, considering the relative total energies at room temperature ( Supplementary Fig. S2e).
The spin Hall conductivity of the bc configuration reaches as high as −1.98 × 10 3 S/cm, equivalent to 141% enhancement relative to that of β-W (−0.82 × 10 3 S/cm) ( Supplementary Fig. S2f). This enhancement is attributed to the occurrence of strong symmetry breaking when V simultaneously adopts bcc and chain sites. Specifically, the Berry curvatures with opposite signs, a characteristic of β-W with a resonant double degenerate state, no longer cancel out (Supplementary Note 3 and Fig. S3a-d). Moreover, the increased degeneracies associated with the lowered symmetry increase the spin Hall conductivity, whose effect is most drastic when x = 25 at% in the W-V alloy. Based on the calculations, a W-V alloy with a composition range of 12.5-50 at% is explored experimentally, as discussed below.

SOT efficiency estimation employing the harmonic Hall method
Based on first-principles calculations, various alloy layers were introduced between the β-W and CoFeB layers in a heterostructure consisting of β-W/CoFeB/MgO/Ta. The employment of the alloy layer was motivated by our previous study 29 , which showed that a W layer could not maintain the β-W phase when it was alloyed with 10 at% Ta. A film stack of β-W (4)/W 100−x X x (2)/CoFeB (0.9)/ MgO (1)/Ta (2) (thickness in nm) was fabricated with alloy X (Ta or V) to prevent the phase transition of W from β to α. Note that the β-phase is a fundamental assumption in the theoretical calculations.
The alloyed layer composition ranged from 0 to 100 at% X in 10 at% steps. After annealing at 300°C for 1 h in a vacuum, most film structures present PMA. However, when the V composition exceeds 80 at%, a PMA to inplane magnetic anisotropy transition occurs. At this composition, the effective magnetic anisotropy energy (K eff u ) decreases. (Supplementary Note 4, Fig. S4a-f, and Table S1). At x = 100 at%, the magnetic hysteresis loop is not observed; hence, the sign of K eff u cannot be determined. The degradation of the magnetic properties when x > 80 at% is attributed to the formation of a magnetic dead layer between V and CoFe 30,31 . Thus, in the following, the SOT efficiency is discussed for the composition range exhibiting PMA.
Harmonic Hall measurements 32 were performed to assess the SOT efficiencies. Figure 2a schematically illustrates the harmonic Hall measurement, where an AC is applied along the x-direction, following which the Hall voltage (V H ) along the y-direction is measured. During the V H measurement, sweeping the external in-plane  magnetic field parallel (perpendicular) to the current yields traces of DL-SOT (FL-SOT). Fig. 2b, c shows the DL-SOT (ξ DL ) and FL-SOT (ξ FL ) efficiencies per unit current density of the W/W 100−x Ta x /CoFeB/MgO/Ta and W/W 100−x V x /CoFeB/MgO/Ta heterostructures versus alloy composition x (in at%), respectively. The changes in ξ DL and ξ FL with respect to x are quite different. As the Ta content increases, ξ DL gradually decreases from −0.35 ± 0.002 for a 6-nm-thick W to −0.06 ± 0.06 for the W/ W 0 Ta 100 bilayer. Notably, the ξ DL of the W/W 0 Ta 100 bilayer is similar to that of the highly resistive material β-Ta 33 . This suggests that the spin current generated in W inefficiently penetrates the W-Ta alloy layer and further intensifies with increasing Ta composition. Consequently, in the extreme case of a bilayer NM structure, most of the DL torque occurs due to the spin current generated in Ta. Furthermore, this is consistent with previous studies on the spin diffusion length of Ta, which is 2-3 nm 34,35 . However, the ξ DL values of the W/W 100 −x V x /CoFeB/MgO/Ta heterostructure exhibit interesting composition-dependent behavior. At V = 20 at%, the ξ DL value reaches a maximum of −0.49 ± 0.05. This large value is in agreement with that of a W-based SOT tunnel junction 19,20 .
The FL-SOT (ξ FL ) efficiencies do not present any distinct compositional dependence, as depicted in Fig. 2c. In both the Ta and V cases, ξ FL % −0.10 to −0.20, suggesting that the potential gradient at the interface (i.e., the Rashba effect) has a slight correlation with the alloy layer. In addition, in the thin FM layer, in the layered structure with PMA, ξ FL depends on the magnetic anisotropy energy and temperature 36 . Moreover, the PMA in the NM/CoFeB/MgO structure mainly originates from the CoFeB/MgO interfacial anisotropy energy, and the portion of NM/CoFeB is relatively small. Thus, the insensitive behavior of ξ FL in this study is in line with a previous report because only the W/CoFeB interface is modified.
In accordance with the ab initio calculations, the spin Hall conductivity was estimated by employing the relationship between the resistivity and the spin Hall angle, θ SH ¼ σ SH ρ xx þ b 37 , where σ SH comprises the intrinsic and side-jump contributions, ρ xx is the longitudinal resistivity, and b represents the skew-scattering contribution. Presumably, parameter b is negligible because of the high impurity content in the studied system, and it is assumed that T int is 1. Hence, the spin Hall conductivity can be expressed by the ratio of θ SH to ρ xx . The ρ xx value of each device was determined by employing the parallel resistance model assuming ρ xx = 170 μΩ cm for CoFeB (Supplementary Note 5, Fig. S5a, b). The results are displayed in Fig. 2d, and the maximum SHC value is (−2.77 ± 0.31) × 10 3 S/cm at 20 at% V. This is reasonably consistent with the first-principles calculation results of this study, which yield a maximum value of −1.98 × 10 3 S/ cm at 25 at% V. Consequently, by using the W−V alloy layer, the band structure modification predicted by the calculations is successfully captured.

Assessment of SOT switching
Current-induced SOT switching in patterned devices was examined. A current sweep was applied from -15 to 15 mA. The current pulse width was 10 μs and was changed in 0.5-mA steps while the external magnetic field strength was varied from −100 to 100 Oe in the x-direction. An additional fabrication process was utilized to form an island pattern on the devices to test the currentinduced SOT switching (Methods). Figure 3a shows the switching loops for a heterostructure with a 20 at% V alloy, which shows the highest ξ DL . The sample clearly exhibits external field dependence. When the polarity of the external field is varied, the switching polarity also changes. A strong applied magnetic field implies a small observed switching current. Furthermore, magnetization switching was examined in all patterned devices used in the harmonic measurements. Fig. 3 In-plane pulsed current-induced SOT switching. a SOT switching curves for different external field strengths for 20 at% V-incorporated devices. b SOT switching current density versus alloy composition for entire PMA samples. Under a constant 100 Oe external magnetic field along the x-direction.
As depicted in Fig. 3b, the magnetization direction was successfully manipulated by applying an in-plane current pulse and a constant external field, 100 Oe. The switching current density (J SW ) and ξ DL are inversely proportional in single-domain devices as follows 38 : where t FM represents the thickness of the FM layer and H eff K and H ext are the anisotropy field and the external field, respectively. However, based on Figs. 2b and 3b, ξ DL and J SW do not show inverse proportionality. A 4 μm × 4 μm-sized island pattern was used to test the SOT switching, and this size of the island was extremely large to maintain a single-domain state. Therefore, this deviation is attributed to the existence of domains and domain walls 39 . The next section describes tests on whether SOT switching entails domain wall motion and double-checks of the high SOT efficiency. To this end, a domain wall depinning and propagation model for the 20 at% V-incorporated devices was employed.

Domain wall depinning and propagation model
To examine the high SOT efficiency in the 20 at% V alloy sample, the domain wall depinning and propagation model was applied. First, we determined whether SOT switching occurs through domain wall propagation or single domain reversal under the current application. H p (θ) is defined as the external switching field at polar angle θ. Figure 4a shows that the H p (θ)/H p (0) ratio accurately presents a 1/cos θ dependence, which confirms that in the studied Hall cross-device, magnetization switching involves a domain wall-mediated process.
Based on the SOT evaluation process, the measuring time (t m ) dependence of H p was also examined, as shown in Fig. 4b. We find that the intrinsic coercive field (H c0 ) is 393.03 Oe and that the coercivity of the device is 274.82 Oe (Supplementary Fig. S6a). In addition, the Joule heating coefficient (κ) was determined utilizing two different channel resistance (R xx ) measurements: the temperature dependence of R xx was determined by heating the device externally ( Supplementary Fig. S6b), and the current dependence of R xx was determined from the relationship T(I) ≈T 0 + κI 2 , where T 0 is the room temperature and I is the amplitude of the input current ( Supplementary Fig. S6c).
When a current of I = 4.22 mA is applied, the temperature of the device increases by 157 K relative to room temperature, where κ is determined to be 0.02485 K/mA 2 . Using these parameters, the switching state diagram (Fig.  4c) is converted into the DL effective field normalized by the input current density (Fig. 4d). The detailed conversion process is described in Supplementary Note 6.
The DL effective field saturates at approximately 24.7 ± 2.33 Oe cm 2 /MA when the external field exceeds 120 Oe. This is consistent with the effective DL field obtained using the harmonic Hall method, as indicated by the red dotted line in Fig. 4d. Because the two measurement schemes yield similar magnitudes for the DL-SOT effective field, it is concluded that the enhancement in the SOT originates from the 20 at% V incorporation in the film structure.
Furthermore, we examine the 1/cos θ dependence of all devices and confirm that SOT switching occurs in a domain wall-mediated process. From this perspective, the SOT switching efficiency (η), considering the domain wall depinning field, is investigated (Supplementary Note 7 and Fig. S7a). The enhancement ratio of the SOT switching efficiency between pristine W and the 20 at% V-incorporated samples is qualitatively consistent with the enhancement ratio of ξ DL (Supplementary Fig. S7b). Therefore, increasing the switching current per increase in the V content, as shown in Fig. 3b, does not consider the effect of the domain wall depinning field. When the domain wall depinning field during magnetization switching is considered, the W-V alloy achieves a higher SOT switching efficiency than that in the single W layer.
Note that if domain wall depinning and propagation occur during SOT switching, J sw follows Eq. (4) 40 .
where e, μ 0 , M s , t FM , and H c represent the elementary charge of an electron, vacuum permeability, saturation magnetization, thickness of the FM layer, and coercivity of the ferromagnetic layer, respectively. The W-V alloyed structures reasonably follow the coercivity of CoFeB with regard to V composition (Supplementary Note 8 and Fig.  S8a, b).

Improvement in the DL-SOT efficiency of W-V alloys
To elucidate the increase in the ξ DL in a W-V alloy, the microstructure of the films was analyzed. GI-XRD was used to examine the phases of the W/W-Ta and W/ W-V layers, and the results are shown in Fig. 5a and b. Because the layers are ultrathin, the XRD spectra show no peaks corresponding to CoFeB, MgO, or Ta. The W-Ta alloy retains the β-W phase up to 80 at% Ta content. For the W-V alloy, as illustrated in Fig. 5b, the characteristic peak for α-W appears when 100 at% V is incorporated. β-W has the A15 structure, which is an energetically unstable phase. In addition, the atomic radii of W, Ta, and V are 135, 146, and 135 pm, respectively; therefore, the residual stress in the W-Ta alloy promotes the phase transition of β-W. Consequently, the phase stability of β-W in the W-V alloy is one of the reasons for the enhancement in ξ DL .
Because V is a lighter element than W, we examined atomic interdiffusion after annealing at 300°C. To test whether ξ DL was enhanced due to its atomic interdiffusion of V, atomic distribution profiles employing STEM were obtained. Figure 6a, b clearly shows the layered structures.
Schematics of the layered structures are placed on the right side of the figures. The interfaces between each layer become clear and sharp after the films undergo 300°C annealings. EDS was conducted to locate the atomic positions in the film structure. To obtain the EDS intensity, the sample prepared for high-resolution (HR) TEM measurement was extremely thin (20-30 nm), and thus, a  relatively thick specimen (80-100 nm) was prepared using a FIB system. The atomic positions in the film structure were assigned by EDS, as presented in Fig. 6c, d. Note that the high-angle annular dark-field images appear blurred because of the TEM sampling thickness.
We also conducted EDS on the samples used in the HR-TEM measurement ( Supplementary Fig. S9a, b). Based on Fig. 6c and d, V atoms are located under the CoFe layer, regardless of heat treatment. The elemental profile of V observed in the SiO 2 /W and Ta layers is confirmed to be an EDS measurement artifact (Supplementary Note 9 and Fig. S10a-f). Furthermore, SIMS was performed, showing that the atomic interdiffusion of V is negligibly small (Supplementary Note 10 and Fig. S11a-d). Therefore, we can exclude the notion of atomic interdiffusion in the heterostructures.

Conclusion
A combined theoretical and experimental study was presented for W/W−Ta/CoFeB/MgO/Ta and W/W-V/ CoFeB/MgO/Ta heterostructures. A series of firstprinciples calculations were conducted to investigate the W-Ta and W-V alloy compositions leading to high spin Hall conductivity. Subsequently, fabrication and measurement were performed by experimentally compiling the composition dependencies of the SOT efficiency. The W-Ta alloy presented a gradually decreasing ξ DL as the Ta content increased, and the ξ DL of the W-V alloy demonstrated interesting composition-dependent behavior. Specifically, for the 20 at% V alloy layer, ξ DL became −0.49 ± 0.05, an enhancement of 40% over that of pristine β-W. This significant enhancement in ξ DL was confirmed by two different measurement schemes: harmonic measurements and a domain wall depinning and propagation model. The domain wall depinning and propagation model presented a reasonable value for the DL-SOT effective field 24.7 ± 2.33 Oe cm 2 /MA.
The SOT switching efficiency (η) also improved, similar to the enhancement ratio of ξ DL . The XRD and TEM analyses confirmed that the high ξ DL was attributed to the phase stability of β-W achieved by employing the W-V alloy layer. We expect that the optimized composition of the W 80 V 20 alloy layer could become an energy-efficient spin current source layer because of its high ξ DL and good process compatibility for semiconductor manufacturing.