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Dissemination of brain inflammation in traumatic brain injury

Cellular & Molecular Immunology volume 16, pages 523–530 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is recognized as a global health problem due to its increasing occurrence, challenging treatment, and persistent impacts on brain pathophysiology. Neural cell death in patients with TBI swiftly causes inflammation in the injured brain areas, which is recognized as focal brain inflammation. Focal brain inflammation causes secondary brain injury by exacerbating brain edema and neuronal death, while also exerting divergent beneficial effects, such as sealing the damaged limitans and removing cellular debris. Recent evidence from patients with TBI and studies on animal models suggest that brain inflammation after TBI is not only restricted to the focal lesion but also disseminates to remote areas of the brain. The dissemination of inflammation has been detected within days after the primary injury and persists chronically. This state of inflammation may be related to remote complications of TBI in patients, such as hyperthermia and hypopituitarism, and may lead to progressive neurodegeneration, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Future studies should focus on understanding the mechanisms that govern the initiation and propagation of brain inflammation after TBI and its impacts on post-trauma brain pathology.

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Acknowledgements

Work in the authors’ laboratories was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 81720108015, 91642205, and 81830038), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1312200), Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission (15ZXLCSY00060), funds from the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, and Barrow Neurological Foundation. We thank Elaine Shi for providing editorial assistance.

Author contributions

F.-D.S., J.Z. and J.F.D. formulated the concept, K.S. performed the literature search. All authors contributed to drafting the manuscript.

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  1. Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China

    Kaibin Shi, Jianning Zhang & Fu-Dong Shi

  2. Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China

    Kaibin Shi & Fu-Dong Shi

  3. Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA

    Kaibin Shi & Fu-Dong Shi

  4. BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Jing-fei Dong

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Shi, K., Zhang, J., Dong, Jf. et al. Dissemination of brain inflammation in traumatic brain injury. Cell Mol Immunol 16, 523–530 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-019-0213-5

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