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Nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy: recent trends and future perspectives

Cancer Gene Therapy volume 28, pages 911–923 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

The combination of cancer immunotherapy with efficient functionalized nanosystems has emerged as a beneficial treatment strategy and its use has increased rapidly. The roles of stimuli-responsive nanosystems and nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy, a subsidiary discipline in the field of immunology, are pivotal. The present era is witnessing rapid advancements in the use of nanomedicine as a platform for investigating novel therapeutic applications and modern intelligent healthcare management strategies. The development of cancer nanomedicine has posthaste ratified the outcomes of immunotherapy to the subsequent stage in the current era of medical research. This review focuses on key findings with respect to the effectiveness of nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapies and their applications, which include i) immune checkpoint inhibitors and nanomedicine, ii) CRISPR-Cas nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer immunotherapy, iii) combination cancer immunotherapy with core-shell nanoparticles, iv) biomimetic NPs for cancer immunotherapy, and v) CAR-T cells and cancer nanoimmunotherapy. By evaluating the state-of-the-art tools and taking the challenges involved into consideration, various aspects of the proposed nano-enabled therapeutic approaches have been discussed in this review.

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Fig. 1: Cancer immunotherapy using CRISPR–Cas nanoparticles.
Fig. 2: Cancer immunotherapy using core-shell nanoparticles.
Fig. 3: Various mechanisms of nanomedicine based tumor targeting.
Fig. 4: Comparison of the actions of CAR-T cells.
Fig. 5: Effective strategy for CAR-T DNA nanocomplex formation.

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Acknowledgements

VKL and SC are thankful to the Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine (TRIPM) for providing infrastructural facilities. SJ is thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, for awarding the fellowship. GP acknowledges the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (BT/PR 25095/NER/95/1011/2017) and Shastri Institutional Collaborative Research Grant (SICRG) 2020–21.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan, Shlok Jindal

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Preclinical and Translational Medical Research (CPTMR), Central Research Facility (CRF), Faculty of Clinical Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan & Sadras Panchatcharam Thyagarajan

  2. Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

    Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan & Salem Chouaib

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

    Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan

  4. Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

    Shlok Jindal & Gopinath Packirisamy

  5. Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

    Gopinath Packirisamy

  6. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Shreesh Ojha

  7. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

    Sen Lian

  8. NanoBio Tech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA

    Ajeet Kaushik

  9. Department of Urology, H.H. Sheikh Khalifa General Hospital, Al Salama, Opp. Ministry of Community Development, Umm Al Quwain, United Arab Emirates

    Abdulqadir Ismail M. Abdullah Alzarooni & Yasser Abdelraouf Farahat Metwally

  10. Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea

    Young Do Jung

  11. INSERM UMR1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, EPHE, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France

    Salem Chouaib

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Lakshmanan, VK., Jindal, S., Packirisamy, G. et al. Nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy: recent trends and future perspectives. Cancer Gene Ther 28, 911–923 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-021-00299-4

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