Minimum intervention oral care - incentivising preventive management of high-needs/high caries-risk patients using phased courses of treatment

This paper demonstrates how person-focused, prevention-based, risk/needs-related, team-delivered, minimum intervention oral care (MIOC) principles and approaches can be integrated into the dental profession for the delivery of environmentally sustainable, optimal care to high-needs and high caries-risk/susceptibility patients. It highlights the potential for NHS remuneration for prevention-based, phased, personalised care pathways/plans (PCPs) within a reformed NHS dental contract system. It emphasises the importance of comprehensive and longitudinal patient risk/susceptibility assessments, prevention and stabilisation of the oral environment before considering more complex, definitive restorative work. This paper forms the first of several components of a suite of educational/information materials needed to instil confidence and implementation protocols within primary care clinical oral health care teams delivering MIOC through phased PCPs, especially when managing patients with high needs and/or disease susceptibility.


Scope
Patients with high needs in England may require oral and dental care which is not always technically complex but involves a high quantity and quality of care necessary for them to personally establish control of their generalised progressive oral disease.A staged PCP prioritises disease stabilisation and prevention (which equates to environmentally sustainable care), followed by definitive restorative interventions in line with MIOC principles.This is essential to provide best clinical practice and effectiveness for patients.Recent NHS contractual changes 1 with a staged/phased approach could support such optimal MIOC provision, rewarding clinical teams for undertaking best practise principles, potentially improving patient access and therefore helping to reduce oral and dental health inequities.Claiming fees and patient charge profiles however remain distinct issues and will require further clarification in future publications/materials.Successful MIOC implementation relies upon a teamdelivered, holistic, person-focused approach, enabling care delivery to be devolved to other specialisms and team members with the appropriate skillsets. 6Such an approach is crucial for the management of all patients to lower/minimise their susceptibility to oral disease, especially individuals who are highneeds and high caries-risk/susceptibility patients; those who are more susceptible to developing new carious lesions and/or experience the progression of existing carious lesions, which can be established through longitudinal risk/susceptibility assessments and clinical judgement. 7,8

Definitions
• MIOC: best practice (environmentally sustainable), holistic, team-delivered approach to maintain life-long oral and dental health, focusing on preventive, risk/ susceptibility-related, person-focused care plans and dutiful management of patient expectations.The four interlinked clinical domains of MIOC are shown in Figure 1 2,9,10 • PCP: offering patients/caregivers some choice and control over their care planning and delivery, based on their needs, wants and managed expectations, using goalsetting behavioural modelling and shared decision-making with oral health care teams  The communication of a unified MIOC message should be delivered by the full skill mix of the oral and dental workforce 6 working within their defined scope of practice, including extended duties dental nurses, such as those with oral health education certification, with additional training in oral health education, plaque scoring and fluoride varnish application, dental hygienists, dental therapists, clinical dental technicians and practice administration staff, often co-ordinated and led by the principal dentist.Keeping in mind the variations and complexities of general dental practice business models, increased team member involvement enables a more efficient use of clinical time, allowing more patients to be seen daily, potentially improving access, population outcomes and improving financial and clinical rewards for team members.
The MIOC focus on risk/susceptibilityrelated prevention and behaviour change (both in patients and professionals) encourages the promotion of healthy oral hygiene and dietary habits, creating stable oral environments suitable for tailored longterm restorative rehabilitation and recalls.
This approach of non-/micro-/minimally invasive therapies titrated against patient response aligns fully with the general medical healthcare principles of phased personalised care pathways. 11,12It is also important to respect the choices and needs/expectations of patients, including those who prefer receiving immediate urgent care without maintaining an ongoing care relationship with the oral and dental health care practice.

Phasing MIOC PCPs
A comprehensive oral health assessment in the first phased CoT identifies the patient's susceptibility to various oral conditions, including dental caries, periodontal disease, CoT 1 starts with a full clinical oral health assessment (including examination, initial CRSA, special investigation reporting, diagnosis and prognosis) and the creation of an initial prevention-based PCP.This includes urgent pain relief (for example, temporisation of cavities, extractions of teeth with hopeless prognosis), lesion stabilisation (for example, therapeutic sealant restorations, provisional restorations using glass-ionomer cements, including occlusal load-bearing areas) and further non-operative preventive disease control measures.Some of these clinical duties can be devolved to other team members. 14oT 2 re-evaluation and active surveillance protocols must align with National Institute of Care and Excellence (NICE) 7 and Delivering better oral health v4 8 guidelines.Further personalised care planning is dependent upon the patient's oral condition at re-assessment and patient consent.A level of control of oral disease must be demonstrated before progressing onto higher treatment bands, unless, for example, the need for an immediate prosthesis is indicated clinically, for example, a denture.The aim is to de-escalate the patient's risk/susceptibility status from high to risk-reduced levels through the overall stabilisation of their oral environment.This may be evaluated using longitudinal CRSA and team-delivered active surveillance.A decrease in caries incidence will reduce the need for further Fig. 2 The PCP flowchart for managing high-risk/needs caries patients. 14This flowchart outlines the potential mechanisms of delivering MIOC through phased personalised care plans.It lists numerous types of clinical interventions available as part of a phased approach when managing high-risk/needs caries patients.Reference to the BSP S3 guidance has also been made for the management of patients with periodontal disease.(Superscripts: 1 = caries risk susceptibility assessment; 2 = soft tissue screening is expected.A tooth wear assessment can also be performed if indicated; 3 = BSP; 4 = prevention may include oral hygiene and dietary advice, remineralisation, preventive or therapeutic fissure sealants, as outlined in Delivering Better Oral Health guidelines; 13 5 = minimally invasive dentistry; 2 6 = notes for avoidance of doubt reference to stabilisation of active disease; 4 7 = potential circumstances exist where it would be appropriate to proceed to definitive treatment, such as indirect restorations and removable prosthesis.OH -oral hygiene; DA -dietary analysis; OHA -oral health assessment) complex restorative treatment long-term, achieving successful long-term maintenance through the embedding of preventive habits and behaviours, all encouraging sustainable oral health care in the future. 2,9,14Phased CoT 2 can involve the provision of definitive functional restorations (for example, resin composites and tooth-restoration complex maintenance using the '5Rs' principles), 14 providing the patient demonstrates riskreduced stable oral health, ascertained at the re-assessment consultation appointment.
More complex interventions, surgery or indirect restorations may be more suitable in phased CoT 3, subject to the patients progress along the risk-reduced, prevention-based pathway, assessed longitudinally on recall.

Conclusion
A personalised care plan flowchart for the management of high caries-risk patients undergoing phased care is illustrated in Figure 2. Appropriate implementation of NICE recall guidance is crucial for managing patient charge liability, while incentivising attendance and generating greater NHS capacity within the general dental services. 15(MeSH key terms in Box 1) 3

The MIOC approach showing the four interlinking clinical domains of care: disease identification/patient assessment, disease control/lesion prevention, minimally invasive operative interventions and review (recall/active surveillance). The arrows indicate the direction of patient flow through this cycle and within each domain an indication is given of the members of the oral healthcare team who might be included (GDP = general dental practitioner; DCP = dental care professional, including oral health educator-trained nurses, dental hygienists, dental therapists, practice managers, reception staff). Reproduced from A. Banerjee, 'MI'opia or 20/20 vision?', British Dental Journal, Vol 214, Springer Nature, 2013, 2 with permission from SNCSC. The licensed material is not part of the governing OA license but has been reproduced with permission 380
BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL | VOLUME 236 NO. 5 | MarCH 8 2024 CLINICaL