Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • General
  • Published:

Child refugees and asylum seekers: oral health and its place in the UK system

Abstract

Introduction The aim of this article is to provide a summary of the oral health status of child refugees and asylum seekers, and to describe their access to health services in the UK.

Methods and analysis A review of the asylum process in the UK, the oral health status of child asylum seekers and the challenges in accessing dental services has been conducted.

Conclusion There is limited data on the oral health status of child asylum seekers. Further research is required to estimate the burden of dental diseases and related conditions among this vulnerable population. Dental professionals can contribute to the holistic care of children with a sensitive and informed approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Figures at a Glance. 2017. Available at https://www.unhcr.org/uk/figures-at-a-glance.html (accessed February 2019).

  2. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Global Report 2016. 2016. Available at http://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/gr2016/pdf/Book_GR_2016_ENGLISH_complete.pdf (accessed March 2018).

  3. Eurostat. Asylum statistics. 2017. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics (accessed February 2018).

  4. British Refugee Council. The Truth About Asylum. 2017. Available at https://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum (accessed October 2017).

  5. British Refugee Council. Who's who. 2018. Available at https://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum/the_facts_about_asylum (accessed November 2017).

  6. Webb E, Ryan A and O'Hare B. The needs of children newly arrived from abroad. Curr Paediatr 2005; 15: 339-346.

  7. Center for Victims of Torture. Healing the Hurt. 2005. Available at http://www.healtorture.org/sites/healtorture.org/files/Healing_the_Hurt_combined.pdf (accessed May 2018).

  8. Macksoud M, Dyregrove A, Raundalen M. Traumatic war experiences and their effects on children. In Wilson P, Raphael B (ed) International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. pp 625-633. Boston: Springer, 1993.

  9. Thomas S, Thomas S, Nafees B, Bhugra D. 'I was running away from death' - the pre-flight experiences of unaccompanied asylum seeking children in the UK. Child Care Health Dev 2004; 150: 113-122.

  10. Devakumar D, Birch M, Rubenstein L S, Osrin D, Sondorp E, Wells J C K. Child health in Syria: recognising the lasting effects of warfare on health. Conflict Health 2015; 9: 34.

  11. Webb E, Davies M. Promoting the Psychological Well-being of Refugee Children. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 541-554.

  12. Home Office: UK Visas and Immigration. Asylum applicants' rights and responsibilities. 2014. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/asylum-applicants-rights-and-responsibilities/asylum-applicants-rights-and-responsibilities (accessed October 2017).

  13. Ng L, Cook A, Thomas J. G605(P) An Evidence Based Framework for an Initial Needs Assessment of Unaccompanied Minors [Conference Abstract]. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101: A361.

  14. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Refugee and unaccompanied asylum seeking children and young people. 2018. Available at https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/refugee-unaccompanied-asylum-seeking-children-young-people#current-uk-asylum-processes (accessed 7 May 2018).

  15. Finney N, Peach E. Attitudes towards asylum seekers, refugees and other immigrants. A literature review for the Commision for Racial Equality. 2004. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20140516161007/http://www.icar.org.uk/asylum_icar_report.pdf (accessed 12 February 2018).

  16. Home Office and Public Health England. Health Protocol: Pre-entry health assessments for UK-bound refugees. 2017. Available at https://www.england.nhs.uk/south/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2014/06/refugee-health-protocal.pdf (accessed 7 May 2018).

  17. NICE. Looked-after children and young people [Public health guideline 28]. 2010. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph28/resources/lookedafter-children-and-young-people-pdf-1996243726021 (accessed 20 February 2018).

  18. Department of Education and Department of Health. Promoting the health and well-being of looked-after children. Government consultation response. 2015. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/413368/Promoting_the_health_and_well-being_of_looked-after_children.pdf (accessed 7 May 2018).

  19. Simmonds J, Merredew F. The Health Needs of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children and Young People. 2010. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph28/resources/lookedafter-children-and-young-people-pdf-1996243726021 (accessed February 2018).

  20. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Refugee and unaccompanied asylum seeking children and young people: care planning and followup checklist of actions. 2018. Available at https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Checklist_for_refugee_and_unaccompanied_asylum_seeking_children.pdf (accessed 7 May 2018).

  21. The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. About the Immigrant Health Service. 2019. Available at https://www.rch.org.au/immigranthealth/ (accessed 1 Sept 2019).

  22. Carey-Wood J, Duke K, Karn V, Marshall T. The settlement of refugees in Britain. Home Office Research Studies (141). London: HMSO Books, 1995.

  23. Burnett A. Guidelines for healthworkers providing care for Kosovan refugees. London: Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, 1999.

  24. Victorian Refugee Health Network. Refugee oral health. Fact sheet 2 - Working with refugee and asylum seeker clients. 2012. Available at https://refugeehealthnetwork.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Oral-Health-Factsheet-2-DHSV-cobrand_April2013_WEBQUALITY.pdf (accessed 7 May 2018).

  25. Clark R, Mytton J. Estimating infectious disease in UK asylum seekers and refugees: a systematic review of prevalence studies. J Public Health Med 2007; 29: 420-428.

  26. Cassar C, Siggers G. P4 The health of unaccompanied minors in the UK: Trends, needs and ways forward. [Conference abstract]. Arch Dis Child 2016; 101: A2-A3.

  27. Kirmayer L, Narasiah L, Munoz M et al. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. CMAJ 2011; 183: E959-E967.

  28. Fazel M, Stein A. The mental health of refugee children. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 366-370.

  29. Public Health England. National Dental Epidemiology Programme for England: oral health survey of five-year-old children 2015. A report on the prevalence and severity of dental decay. 2016. Available at http://www.nwph.net/dentalhealth/14_15_5yearold/Protocol_2014_15_5%20yr%20olds%20v2.pdf (accessed 9 January 2018).

  30. Heron T, Rabone R, Sadavarte V. 623 Primary Care. Development of a Gold Standard Service for Children in Public Care (Looked After Children) in a University Teaching Hospital in the UK. [Conference Abstract]. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176: 1464.

  31. Paradise C, Sadavarte V. An Audit of the Initial Health Assessment of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children at a UK University Teaching Hospital. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 1445-1446.

  32. Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004. Available at https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/19/pdfs/ukpga_20040019_en.pdf (accessed December 2017).

  33. Newbigging K, Thomas N. Good practice in social care for asylum seekers and refugees. 2010. Available at https://www.scie.org.uk/publications/reports/report31.pdf (accessed 7 May 2018).

  34. Public Health England. NHS entitlements: migrant health guide. 2014. Available at https://www.gov.uk/guidance/nhs-entitlements-migrant-health-guide#dental-treatment (accessed 30 October 2017).

  35. Department of Health. Making a fair contribution: A consultation of the extension of charging overseas visitors and migrants using the NHS in England. 2015. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483870/NHS_charging_acc.pdf (accessed 30 October 2017).

  36. British Refugee Council. Do you need help to access healthcare? 2013. Available at https://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/latest/news/4293_new_nhs_charging_regulations_come_into_force/ (accessed 10 December 2019).

  37. Shackman J, Gell F. Primary health care services for refugees, asylum seekers and vulnerable migrants in Oxford city: A study on the experiences of service users and service providers. 2016. Available at https://healthwatchoxfordshire.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/final_report_refugee_resource_12_09_16_0.pdf (accessed 7 May 2018).

  38. Positive Action for Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Right to health: A guide for Refused Asylum Seekers. 2011. Available at http://www.pafras.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Health-Entitlements-Leaflet.pdf (accessed 30 October 2017).

  39. NHS Business Services Authority. NHS Low Income Scheme. 2016. Available at https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/nhs-low-income-scheme (accessed 30 October 2017).

  40. NHS England/Commissioning Operations/Primary Care Commissioning. Standard Operating Principles for Primary Medical Care (General Practice). 2015. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/842210/Guidance_on_implementing_the_overseas_visitor_charging_regulations.pdf (accessed 10 December 2019).

  41. Home Office: UK Visas and Immigration. Information about your asylum application. 2016. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/513585/Point_of_Claim_English_20160401.pdf (accessed 9 September 2018).

  42. O'Donnell C, Higgins M, Chauhan R, Mullen K. "They think we're OK and we know we're not". A qualitative study of asylum seekers' access, knowledge and views to health care in the UK [Online]. BMC Health Serv Res 2007; 7: DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-75.

  43. NRPF Network. Asylum seekers and refused asylum seekers. 2017. Available at http://www.nrpfnetwork.org.uk/information/Pages/asylum-seekers.aspx (accessed 30 October 2017).

  44. NRPF Network. NHS healthare for migrants with NRPF (England). 2017. Available at http://www.nrpfnetwork.org.uk/Documents/NHS-healthcare.pdf (accessed on 20 October 2017).

  45. Aljafari A, Gallagher J, Hosey M. Failure on all fronts: general dental practitioners' views on promoting oral health in high caries risk children - a qualitative study. [Conference abstract]. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15: DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0032-8.

  46. Robertshaw L, Dhesi S, Jones L. Challenges and facilitators for health professionals providing primary healthcare for refugees and sylum seekers in high-income countries: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research. BMJ Open 2017; 7: DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015981.

  47. Girgis S, Gollings J, Longhurt R, Cheng L. Infant oral mutilation a child protection issue? Br Dent J 2016; 220: 357-360.

  48. Lynch M. Providing Health Care for Refugee Children and Unaccompanied Minors. Med Confl Surviv 2001; 17: 125-130.

  49. The Children's Society. Health care services and support. 2018. Available at https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/youngcarer/refugee-toolkit/health-care-services-and-support (accessed May 2018).

  50. Heptinstall E, Sethna V, Taylor E. PTSD and depression in refugee children. Associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stress. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 13: 373-380.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. V. L. Fennell-Wells.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fennell-Wells, A., Yusuf, H. Child refugees and asylum seekers: oral health and its place in the UK system. Br Dent J 228, 44–49 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-019-1099-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-019-1099-4

Search

Quick links