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Genetics of donor cell leukemia in acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

Bone Marrow Transplantation volume 56, pages 1535–1549 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an important therapeutic modality for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with poor risk features. Nonetheless, roughly 30% of such patients have leukemia recurrence and up to 2% of these are donor-derived leukemias, in which malignancy develops in the donor’s transplanted cells, despite extremely low rates of leukemia in the donors themselves. Notably, over 20% of these malignancies carry chromosome 7 abnormalities nearly all of which are monosomies. Recent advances in whole exome and genome sequencing have allowed for detection of candidate genes that likely contribute to the development of AML in donor cells (donor leukemia, DCL). These genes include CEBPA, GATA2, JAK2, RUNX1, DDX41, EZH2, IDH1/2, DNMT3A, ASXL1, XPD, XRCC3, and CHEK1. The potential roles of variants in these genes are evaluated based on familial clustering of MDS/AML and corresponding animal studies demonstrating their leukemogenic nature. This review describes the spectrum of genetic aberrations detected in DCL cases in the literature with regard to the character of the individual cases, existing family cohorts that carry individual genes, and functional studies that support etiologic roles in AML development. DCL presents a unique opportunity to examine genetic variants in the donors and recipients with regards to progression to malignancy.

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Fig. 1: The pathogenesis of donor cell leukemia is not fully understood and likely multifactorial, involving treatment damage to the bone marrow microenvironment from previous chemotherapy, radiation, and ongoing treatments to prevent graft versus host disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA

    Lacey Williams, Kimberley Doucette & Catherine Lai

  2. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Judith E. Karp

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CL developed the idea and format for the review. LW constructed all the tables. CL, LW, KD, and JEK all contributed equally to the writing and approval of the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Catherine Lai.

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CL has served on an advisory board for Abbvie, Agios, Daiichi-Sankyo, Macrogenics and Jazz Pharmaceuticals and as a speaker for Astellas and Jazz Pharmaceuticals. LW, KD and JEK declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Williams, L., Doucette, K., Karp, J.E. et al. Genetics of donor cell leukemia in acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant 56, 1535–1549 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-021-01214-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-021-01214-z

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