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Genomic landscape of a relict fir-associated fungus reveals rapid convergent adaptation towards endophytism

The ISME Journal volume 16, pages 1294–1305 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Comparative and pan-genomic analyses of the endophytic fungus Pezicula neosporulosa (Helotiales, Ascomycota) from needles of the relict fir, Abies beshanzuensis, showed expansions of carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes characteristic for unrelated plant-beneficial helotialean, such as dark septate endophytes and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. The current species within the relatively young Pliocene genus Pezicula are predominantly saprotrophic, while P. neosporulosa lacks such features. To understand the genomic background of this putatively convergent evolution, we performed population analyses of 77 P. neosporulosa isolates. This revealed a mosaic structure of a dozen non-recombining and highly genetically polymorphic subpopulations with a unique mating system structure. We found that one idiomorph of a probably duplicated mat1-2 gene was found in putatively heterothallic isolates, while the other co-occurred with mat1-1 locus suggesting homothallic reproduction for these strains. Moreover, 24 and 81 genes implicated in plant cell-wall degradation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, respectively, showed signatures of the balancing selection. These findings highlight the evolutionary pattern of the two gene families for allowing the fungus a rapid adaptation towards endophytism and facilitating diverse symbiotic interactions.

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Fig. 1: Reconstructed gene family and expansion histories along a time-calibrated phylogeny.
Fig. 2: Identification of significantly over-represented GO terms among these significantly expanded gene families.
Fig. 3: Pan-genome components of eleven P. neosporulosa isolates.
Fig. 4: Incomplete saprotrophy-biotrophy transition and intraspecific physiological variations in P. neosporulosa.
Fig. 5: Summary of single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels in the P. neosporulosa population.
Fig. 6: Mating type structure, polymorphism in the P. neosporulosa genome and phylogeny of mat1-2-1.
Fig. 7: Selection signatures acting on the CAZomes and SMGCs.

Data availability

M44 genomic data are available at the NCBI (BioProject number PRJNA517416, BioSample number SAMN10830013). This Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) Project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession number SELE00000000. The raw genome resequencing data obtained have been deposited at the NCBI in the Short Read Archive database under the accession numbers SRR8568788-SRR8568862. Raw VCF files (SNP and indel variants) are available via Data Dryad (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.zs7h44j6x). The alignment and ML tree of mat1-2-1 were deposited in TreeBase (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S27214).

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Acknowledgements

Research in Yuan’s lab is financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Non-profit Research of the Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAFYBB2019ZA001-3) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31722014 and 31772032). Research in Martin’s lab is supported by the Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE (ANR-11-LABX-0002-01) and the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design. We extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. Primrose Boynton (Wheaton College, USA) and Dr. Fengyan Bai (State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for useful discussions. We thank Dr Yougui Wu (Fengyangshan-Baishanzu National Nature Reserve, China) for providing basic information about the wild relict fir trees.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Zhilin Yuan, Qi Wu, Liangxiong Xu, Irina S. Druzhinina.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China

    Zhilin Yuan, Xiaoliang Shan & Long Peng

  2. Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China

    Zhilin Yuan, Xinyu Wang, Xiaoliang Shan & Long Peng

  3. State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China

    Qi Wu & Guohui Shi

  4. School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007, China

    Liangxiong Xu

  5. Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Fungal Genomics Laboratory (FungiG), College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China

    Irina S. Druzhinina & Feng Cai

  6. Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), TU Wien, Vienna, A1060, Austria

    Irina S. Druzhinina & Christian P. Kubicek

  7. Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Eva H. Stukenbrock

  8. Environmental Genomics Research Group, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany

    Eva H. Stukenbrock

  9. Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany

    Bart P. S. Nieuwenhuis

  10. State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China

    Zhenhui Zhong

  11. Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Zhenhui Zhong

  12. Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China

    Zhong-Jian Liu

  13. Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China

    Jieyu Wang

  14. Université de Lorraine, INRAe, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAe-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France

    Francis M. Martin

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  1. Zhilin Yuan
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Contributions

ZLY and QW conceived and designed this study. XYW conducted molecular and microbiological work. LXX performed HPLC analysis. ZLY, ISD, GHS completed bioinformatics, evolutionary, and phylogenetic analyses and interpreted the results with guidance from QW, JYW, and ZJL. ISD and XLS helped ZLY and QW with figure preparation. ZLY wrote the manuscript, and BPS, FMM, ZHZ, ISD, and CPK contributed improvements to the text. ZLY and ISD prepared the revised version of the manuscript. LP contributed text to the supplementary file. FMM, QW, BPS, CPK, and CF aided in the discussion of results. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhilin Yuan or Francis M. Martin.

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Yuan, Z., Wu, Q., Xu, L. et al. Genomic landscape of a relict fir-associated fungus reveals rapid convergent adaptation towards endophytism. ISME J 16, 1294–1305 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01176-6

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