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Appetite-regulating hormones—leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin—and the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases volume 23, pages 11–23 (2020)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background

Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa). In obesity, serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones—leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin—become deregulated.

Objective

To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa, the incidence of advanced disease, or PCa-specific mortality.

Methods

PRISMA guidelines were followed. A systematic search for relevant articles published until March 2019 was performed using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Observational studies with data on serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, or ghrelin and PCa outcome were included. Meta-analysis was used to combine risk estimates. Meta-relative risks (mRRs) were calculated using random effects models. When available, raw data was pooled. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Begg’s test.

Results

Thirty-five studies were eligible for inclusion. The qualitative analysis indicated that leptin was not consistently associated with any PCa outcome, although several cohorts reported decreased adiponectin levels in men who later developed advanced PCa. Based on the meta-analysis, there was no significant effect of leptin on PCa incidence (mRR = 0.93 (95% CI 0.75–1.16), p = 0.52) or advanced PCa (mRR = 0.90 (95% CI 0.74–1.10), p = 0.30). There were insufficient studies to estimate the mRR of PCa incidence for men with the highest levels of adiponectin. The combined risk of advanced PCa for men with the highest levels of adiponectin was reduced but did not reach significance (mRR = 0.81 (95% CI 0.61–1.08), p = 0.15).

Conclusions

The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome. However, there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies. Serum ghrelin has not been largely investigated.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Vitaly Smelov, Inge Huybrechts

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Health Organization, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France

    Charlotte Zoe Angel, Isabel Iguacel, Amy Mullee, Neela Guha, Rachel Wasson, Marc J. Gunter, Vitaly Smelov & Inge Huybrechts

  2. Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK

    Charlotte Zoe Angel & Declan J. McKenna

  3. Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Calle de Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain

    Isabel Iguacel

  4. UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Amy Mullee

  5. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA

    Neela Guha

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Angel, C.Z., Iguacel, I., Mullee, A. et al. Appetite-regulating hormones—leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin—and the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 23, 11–23 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-019-0154-1

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