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The proprotein convertase furin is a pro-oncogenic driver in KRAS and BRAF driven colorectal cancer

Oncogene volume 39, pages 3571–3587 (2020)Cite this article

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Abstract

Mutations in KRAS and/or BRAF that activate the ERK kinase are frequently found in colorectal cancer (CRC) and drive resistance to targeted therapies. Therefore, the identification of therapeutic targets that affect multiple signaling pathways simultaneously is crucial for improving the treatment of patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations. The proprotein convertase furin activates several oncogenic protein precursors involved in the ERK-MAPK pathway by endoproteolytic cleavage. Here we show that genetic inactivation of furin suppresses tumorigenic growth, proliferation, and migration in KRAS or BRAF mutant CRC cell lines but not in wild-type KRAS and BRAF cells. In a mouse xenograft model, these KRAS or BRAF mutant cells lacking furin displayed reduced growth and angiogenesis, and increased apoptosis. Mechanistically, furin inactivation prevents the processing of various protein pecursors including proIGF1R, proIR, proc-MET, proTGF-β1 and NOTCH1 leading to potent and durable ERK-MAPK pathway suppression in KRAS or BRAF mutant cells. Furthermore, we identified genes involved in activating the ERK-MAPK pathway, such as PTGS2, which are downregulated in the KRAS or BRAF mutant cells after furin inactivation but upregulated in wild-type KRAS and BRAF cells. Analysis of human colorectal tumor samples reveals a positive correlation between enhanced furin expression and KRAS or BRAF expression. These results indicate that furin plays an important role in KRAS or BRAF-associated ERK-MAPK pathway activation and tumorigenesis, providing a potential target for personalized treatment.

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Fig. 1: Altered expression pattern of furin in KRAS or BRAF mutant CRC tumor samples.
Fig. 2: Inactivation of furin inhibits processing of multiple oncoproteins in CRC cell lines.
Fig. 3: Inactivation of furin reduces ERK/MAPK signaling pathways and regulates the expression of downstream effectors in KRAS or BRAF mutant CRC cells.
Fig. 4: Inactivation of furin inhibits malignant phenotypes of CRC cells with mutated KRAS or BRAF.
Fig. 5: Inactivation of furin causes distinct changes in gene expression of different CRC cells.
Fig. 6: Furin deficiency selectively inhibits KRAS or BRAF mutant CRC cells xenografts growth in vivo.

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Data availability

All raw RNA-sequencing data can be found at the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (accession number: GSE130969). Raw data for figures are available as source data to the relevant figure. All other datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Any requests for data or materials should be addressed to JC.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Maria Francesca Baietti for providing help with the soft agar assay, and Rudra Kashyap for providing help with the wound healing migration assay. We would also like to thank Álvaro Cortés Calabuig for the RNA-seq data analysis. This work was supported in part by SIRIC BRIO and La Ligue Contre le Cancer to AMK, France. We acknowledge grant support from FWO Vlaanderen (Grant nr.G.0738.15) to JC. ZH was supported by a Chinese Government Scholarship (Nr. 201409110101).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Abdel-Majid Khatib, John W. M. Creemers

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Zongsheng He, Sandra Meulemans & John W. M. Creemers

  2. Interdisciplinary Research Facility, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium

    Lieven Thorrez

  3. INSERM, LAMC, UMR, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 1029, Pessac, France

    Geraldine Siegfried, Serge Evrard & Abdel-Majid Khatib

  4. Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France

    Serge Evrard

  5. Digestive Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Sabine Tejpar

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Contributions

ZH and JC designed the research. ST provided advice on the research. SE provided human samples. ZH performed the majority of in vitro experiments. GS and AMK performed the in vivo tumorigenic assay and immunofluorescence assay. ZH and LT performed bioinformatics analysis of RNA-seq data. SM performed cell culture. ZH collected and analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript with input from JC, AMK, and GS. AMK and JC supervised the research.

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Correspondence to John W. M. Creemers.

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He, Z., Thorrez, L., Siegfried, G. et al. The proprotein convertase furin is a pro-oncogenic driver in KRAS and BRAF driven colorectal cancer. Oncogene 39, 3571–3587 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-020-1238-z

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