Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are a cross-sectional dimension affecting multiple diagnostic categories, despite schizophrenia represents the prototype of psychoses. Initially, dopamine was considered the most involved molecule in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Over the next years, several biological factors were added to the discussion helping to constitute the concept of schizophrenia as a disease marked by a deficit of functional integration, contributing to the formulation of the Dysconnection Hypothesis in 1995. Nowadays the notion of dysconnection persists in the conceptualization of schizophrenia enriched by neuroimaging findings which corroborate the hypothesis. At the same time, in recent years, psychedelics received a lot of attention by the scientific community and astonishing findings emerged about the rearrangement of brain networks under the effect of these compounds. Specifically, a global decrease in functional connectivity was found, highlighting the disintegration of preserved and functional circuits and an increase of overall connectivity in the brain. The aim of this paper is to compare the biological bases of dysconnection in schizophrenia with the alterations of neuronal cyto-architecture induced by psychedelics and the consequent state of cerebral hyper-connection. These two models of psychosis, despite diametrically opposed, imply a substantial deficit of integration of neural signaling reached through two opposite paths.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: On the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10:40–68.
Guan F, Ni T, Zhu W, Williams LK, Cui LB, Li M, et al. Integrative omics of schizophrenia: From genetic determinants to clinical classification and risk prediction. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:113–26.
Landek-Salgado MA, Faust TE, Sawa A. Molecular substrates of schizophrenia: homeostatic signaling to connectivity. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:10–28.
Lv J, Di Biase M, Cash RFH, Cocchi L, Cropley VL, Klauser P, et al. Individual deviations from normative models of brain structure in a large cross-sectional schizophrenia cohort. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:3512–23.
Liu Z, Palaniyappan L, Wu X, Zhang K, Du J, Zhao Q, et al. Resolving heterogeneity in schizophrenia through a novel systems approach to brain structure: individualized structural covariance network analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:7719–31.
Seitz-Holland J, Cetin-Karayumak S, Wojcik JD, Lyall A, Levitt J, Shenton ME, et al. Elucidating the relationship between white matter structure, demographic, and clinical variables in schizophrenia-a multicenter harmonized diffusion tensor imaging study. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:5357–70.
Barnett L, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Seth AK. Decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state. Neuroimage. 2020;209:116462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116462.
Müller F, Dolder PC, Schmidt A, Liechti ME, Borgwardt S. Altered network hub connectivity after acute LSD administration. NeuroImage Clin. 2018;18:694–701.
Atasoy S, Roseman L, Kaelen M, Kringelbach ML, Deco G, Carhart-Harris RL. Connectome-harmonic decomposition of human brain activity reveals dynamical repertoire re-organization under LSD. Sci Rep. 2017;7:17661.
Tagliazucchi E, Carhart-Harris R, Leech R, Nutt D, Chialvo DR. Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:5442–56.
Herzog R, Mediano PAM, Rosas FE, Carhart-Harris R, Perl YS, Tagliazucchi E, et al. A mechanistic model of the neural entropy increase elicited by psychedelic drugs. Sci Rep. 2020;10:17725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74060-6.
de Vos CMH, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC. Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics. Front psychiatry. 2021;12:724606.
Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, et al. Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Rep. 2018;23:3170–82.
Lukasiewicz K, Baker JJ, Zuo Y, Lu J. Serotonergic Psychedelics in Neural Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci. 2021;14:748359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2021.748359.
Savalia NK, Shao LX, Kwan AC. A Dendrite-Focused Framework for Understanding the Actions of Ketamine and Psychedelics. Trends Neurosci. 2021;44:260–75.
Müller F, Lenz C, Dolder P, Lang U, Schmidt A, Liechti M, et al. Increased thalamic resting-state connectivity as a core driver of LSD-induced hallucinations. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136:648–57.
Luppi AI, Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Pappas I, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain. Neuroimage. 2021;227:117653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117653.
Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ. REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. Pharm Rev. 2019;71:316–44.
Leptourgos P, Fortier-Davy M, Carhart-Harris R, Corlett PR, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, et al. Hallucinations Under Psychedelics and in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: An Interdisciplinary and Multiscale Comparison. Schizophr Bull. 2020;46:1396–408.
Ungvari GS. The Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school of psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;34:749–52.
Moskowitz A, Heim G. Eugen Bleuler’s Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration. Schizophr Bull 2011;37:471–9.
Andreasen NC. A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler’s “fragmented phrene” as schizencephaly. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:781–7.
Friston KJ, Frith CD. Schizophrenia: A disconnection syndrome? Clin Neurosci. 1995;3:89–97.
Friston KJ. Schizophrenia and the disconnection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1999;99:68–79.
Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Friston KJ. Synaptic plasticity and dysconnection in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:929–39.
Collin G, Turk E, Van Den Heuvel MP. Connectomics in Schizophrenia: From Early Pioneers to Recent Brain Network Findings. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci neuroimaging. 2016;1:199–208.
Friston K, Brown HR, Siemerkus J, Stephan KE. The dysconnection hypothesis (2016). Schizophr Res. 2016;176:83–94. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S092099641630331
Dong D, Wang Y, Chang X, Luo C, Yao D. Dysfunction of large-scale brain networks in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:168–81.
Bullmore E, Sporns O. The economy of brain network organization. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:336–49.
Hilgetag CC, Goulas A. “Hierarchy” in the organization of brain networks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2020;375:20190319.
Tandon R, Nasrallah HA, Keshavan MS. Schizophrenia, “just the facts” 4. Clinical features and conceptualization. Schizophr Res. 2009;110:1–23.
Rosato M, Stringer S, Gebuis T, Paliukhovich I, Li KW, Posthuma D, et al. Combined cellomics and proteomics analysis reveals shared neuronal morphology and molecular pathway phenotypes for multiple schizophrenia risk genes. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:784–99.
Kochunov P, Thompson PM, Hong LE. Toward High Reproducibility and Accountable Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia Research. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:680–1.
Chan SY, Brady RO, Lewandowski KE, Higgins A, Öngür D, Hall MH. Dynamic and progressive changes in thalamic functional connectivity over the first five years of psychosis. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:1177–83.
Cumming P, Abi-Dargham A, Gründer G. Molecular imaging of schizophrenia: Neurochemical findings in a heterogeneous and evolving disorder. Behav Brain Res. 2021;398:113004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113004.
Cao H, Zhou H, Cannon TD. Functional connectome-wide associations of schizophrenia polygenic risk. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:2553–61.
Stauffer EM, Bethlehem RAI, Warrier V, Murray GK, Romero-Garcia R, Seidlitz J, et al. Grey and white matter microstructure is associated with polygenic risk for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:7709–18.
Druart M, Nosten-Bertrand M, Poll S, Crux S, Nebeling F, Delhaye C, et al. Elevated expression of complement C4 in the mouse prefrontal cortex causes schizophrenia-associated phenotypes. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:3489–501.
Cuenod M, Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Khadimallah I, Klauser P, et al. Caught in vicious circles: A perspective on dynamic feed-forward loops driving oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:1886–97.
Woo JJ, Pouget JG, Zai CC, Kennedy JL. The complement system in schizophrenia: Where are we now and what’s next? Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:114–30.
Kelly S, Jahanshad N, Zalesky A, Kochunov P, Agartz I, Alloza C, et al. Widespread white matter microstructural differences in schizophrenia across 4322 individuals: Results from the ENIGMA Schizophrenia DTI Working Group. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:1261–9.
Klauser P, Baker ST, Cropley VL, Bousman C, Fornito A, Cocchi L, et al. White Matter Disruptions in Schizophrenia Are Spatially Widespread and Topologically Converge on Brain Network Hubs. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43:425–35.
Sun Y, Chen Y, Lee R, Bezerianos A, Collinson SL, Sim K. Disruption of brain anatomical networks in schizophrenia: A longitudinal, diffusion tensor imaging based study. Schizophr Res. 2016;171:149–57.
Pettersson-Yeo W, Allen P, Benetti S, McGuire P, Mechelli A. Dysconnectivity in schizophrenia: Where are we now? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35:1110–24.
Sun X, Liu J, Ma Q, Duan J, Wang X, Xu Y, et al. Disrupted Intersubject Variability Architecture in Functional Connectomes in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47:837–48.
Roalf DR, Gur RE, Verma R, Parker WA, Quarmley M, Ruparel K, et al. White matter microstructure in schizophrenia: Associations to neurocognition and clinical symptomatology. Schizophr Res. 2015;161:42–9.
Faludi G, Mirnics K. Synaptic changes in the brain of subjects with schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011;29:305–9.
Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17:319–34.
Hoffman RE, Dobscha SK. Cortical pruning and the development of schizophrenia: A computer model. Schizophr Bull. 1989;15:477–90.
Osimo EF, Beck K, Marques TR, Howes OD. Synaptic loss in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and systematic review of synaptic protein and mRNA measures. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24:549–61.
Hof PR, Schmitz C. The quantitative neuropathology of schizophrenia. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;117:345–6.
Li W, Lv L, Luo XJ. In vivo study sheds new light on the dendritic spine pathology hypothesis of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:1866–8.
Li Y, Li S, Liu J, Huo Y, Luo XJ. The schizophrenia susceptibility gene NAGA regulates dendritic spine density: Further evidence for the dendritic spine pathology of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:7102–4.
Bellon A, Feuillet V, Cortez-Resendiz A, Mouaffak F, Kong L, Hong LE, et al. Dopamine-induced pruning in monocyte-derived-neuronal-like cells (MDNCs) from patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:2787–802.
Gururajan A, Van Den Buuse M. Is the mTOR-signalling cascade disrupted in Schizophrenia? J Neurochem. 2014;129:377–87.
Chadha R, Meador-Woodruff JH. Downregulated AKT-mTOR signaling pathway proteins in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020;45:1059–67.
Chadha R, Alganem K, Mccullumsmith RE, Meador-Woodruff JH. mTOR kinase activity disrupts a phosphorylation signaling network in schizophrenia brain. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:6868–79.
Camchong J, MacDonald AW, Bell C, Mueller BA, Lim KO. Altered functional and anatomical connectivity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:640–50.
Skudlarski P, Jagannathan K, Anderson K, Stevens MC, Calhoun VD, Skudlarska BA, et al. Brain Connectivity Is Not Only Lower but Different in Schizophrenia: A Combined Anatomical and Functional Approach. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68:61–9.
Hare SM, Ford JM, Mathalon DH, Damaraju E, Bustillo J, Belger A, et al. Salience-default mode functional network connectivity linked to positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45:892–901.
Lee WH, Doucet GE, Leibu E, Frangou S. Resting-state network connectivity and metastability predict clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;201:208–16.
Fan F, Tan S, Huang J, Chen S, Fan H, Wang Z, et al. Functional disconnection between subsystems of the default mode network in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2020:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000416X. Epub ahead of print.
Doucet GE, Moser DA, Luber MJ, Leibu E, Frangou S. Baseline brain structural and functional predictors of clinical outcome in the early course of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:863–72.
Mehta UM, Ibrahim FA, Sharma MS, Venkatasubramanian G, Thirthalli J, Bharath RD, et al. Resting-state functional connectivity predictors of treatment response in schizophrenia – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2021;237:153–65.
Salman MS, Vergara VM, Damaraju E, Calhoun VD. Decreased Cross-Domain Mutual Information in Schizophrenia From Dynamic Connectivity States. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1–13.
Fernández A, Gómez C, Hornero R, López-Ibor JJ. Complexity and schizophrenia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;45:267–76.
Takahashi T, Cho RY, Mizuno T, Kikuchi M, Murata T, Takahashi K, et al. Antipsychotics reverse abnormal EEG complexity in drug-naive schizophrenia: A multiscale entropy analysis. Neuroimage 2010;51:173–82.
Carhart-Harris RL. The entropic brain - revisited. Neuropharmacology 2018;142:167–78.
Carhart-Harris RL. Serotonin, psychedelics and psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:358–9.
Pallavicini C, Vilas MG, Villarreal M, Zamberlan F, Muthukumaraswamy S, Nutt D, et al. Spectral signatures of serotonergic psychedelics and glutamatergic dissociatives. Neuroimage 2019;200:281–91.
Olson DE. sychoplastogens: A Promising Class of Plasticity-Promoting Neurotherapeutics. J Exp Neurosci. 2018;12:1179069518800508. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518800508.
Aleksandrova LR, Phillips AG. Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics. Trends Pharm Sci. 2021;42:929–42.
Ly C, Greb AC, Vargas MV, Duim WC, Grodzki ACG, Lein PJ, et al. Transient Stimulation with Psychoplastogens Is Sufficient to Initiate Neuronal Growth. ACS Pharm Transl Sci. 2021;4:452–60.
Banks MI, Zahid Z, Jones NT, Sultan ZW, Wenthur CJ. Catalysts for change: The cellular neurobiology of psychedelics. Mol Biol Cell. 2021;32:1135–44.
Shao LX, Liao C, Gregg I, Davoudian PA, Savalia NK, Delagarza K, et al. Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo. Neuron 2021;109:2535–2544.
Smitha KA, Akhil Raja K, Arun KM, Rajesh PG, Thomas B, Kapilamoorthy TR, et al. Resting state fMRI: A review on methods in resting state connectivity analysis and resting state networks. Neuroradiol J 2017;30:305–17.
Vejmola Č, Tylš F, Piorecká V, Koudelka V, Kadeřábek L, Novák T, et al. Psilocin, LSD, mescaline, and DOB all induce broadband desynchronization of EEG and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01603-4.
Muthukumaraswamy SD, Carhart-Harris RL, Moran RJ, Brookes MJ, Williams TM, Errtizoe D, et al. Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state. J Neurosci. 2013;33:15171–83.
Liechti ME. Modern Clinical Research on LSD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017;42:2114–27.
Preller KH, Vollenweider FX. Phenomenology, structure, and dynamic of psychedelic states. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2018;36:221–56.
Schmid Y, Enzler F, Gasser P, Grouzmann E, Preller KH, Vollenweider FX, et al. Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;78:544–53.
Madsen MK, Stenbæk DS, Arvidsson A, Armand S, Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Johansen SS, et al. Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;50:121–32.
Raichle ME. The brain’s default mode network. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2015;38:433–47.
Davey CG, Pujol J, Harrison BJ. Mapping the self in the brain’s default mode network. Neuroimage 2016;132:390–7.
Leech R, Scott G, Carhart-Harris R, Turkheimer F, Taylor-Robinson SD, Sharp DJ. Spatial dependencies between large-scale brain networks. PLoS One. 2014;9:e98500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098500.
Tagliazucchi E, Roseman L, Kaelen M, Orban C, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Murphy K, et al. Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution. Curr Biol. 2016;26:1043–50.
Osmond H. A review of the clinical effects of psychotomimetic agents. Ann N. Y Acad Sci. 1957;66:418–34.
Roseman L, Sereno MI, Leech R, Kaelen M, Orban C, McGonigle J, et al. LSD alters eyes-closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:3031–40.
Klimesch W, Sauseng P, Hanslmayr S. EEG alpha oscillations: the inhibition-timing hypothesis. Brain Res Rev. 2007;53:63–88.
Nutt D, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R. Psychedelic Psychiatry’s Brave New World. Cell 2020;181:24–8.
Kraehenmann R, Pokorny D, Aicher H, Preller KH, Pokorny T, Bosch OG, et al. LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:814. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00814.
Girn M, Mills C, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris RL, Christoff K. Updating the dynamic framework of thought: Creativity and psychedelics. Neuroimage. 2020;213:116726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116726.
Nakahara T, Tsugawa S, Noda Y, Ueno F, Honda S, Kinjo M, et al. Glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolite levels in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:744–57.
Gao WJ, Yang SS, Mack NR, Chamberlin LA. Aberrant maturation and connectivity of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia-contribution of NMDA receptor development and hypofunction. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:731–43.
Kath WL. Computational modeling of dendrites. J Neurobiol. 2005;64:91–9.
Chen JY. A simulation study investigating the impact of dendritic morphology and synaptic topology on neuronal firing patterns. Neural Comput. 2010;22:1086–111.
Fletcher A. Action potential: generation and propagation. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2019;20:243–7.
Seidl AH. Regulation of conduction time along axons. Neuroscience 2014;276:126–34.
Houben AM. Frequency Selectivity of Neural Circuits With Heterogeneous Discrete Transmission Delays. Neural Comput. 2021;33:2068–86.
Guo W, Fouda ME, Eltawil AM, Salama KN. Neural Coding in Spiking Neural Networks: A Comparative Study for Robust Neuromorphic Systems. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:638474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.638474.
Schmidt H, Knösche TR. Action potential propagation and synchronisation in myelinated axons. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019;15:e1007004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007004.
Gulledge AT, Kampa BM, Stuart GJ. Synaptic integration in dendritic trees. J Neurobiol. 2005;64:75–90.
Magee JC. Dendritic integration of excitatory synaptic input. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000;1:181–90.
Preller KH, Duerler P, Burt JB, Ji JL, Adkinson B, Stämpfli P, et al. Psilocybin induces time-dependent changes in global functional connectivity. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;88:197–207.
Goudar V, Buonomano DV. Encoding sensory and motor patterns as time-invariant trajectories in recurrent neural networks. Elife. 2018;7:e31134. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31134.
Raichle ME, Snyder AZ. A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea. Neuroimage 2007;37:1083–90.
Fazelpour S, Thompson E. The Kantian brain: Brain dynamics from a neurophenomenological perspective. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015;31:223–9.
Northoff G. Immanuel Kant’s mind and the brain’s resting state. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:356–9.
Kercel SW. The endogenous brain. J Integr Neurosci. 2004;3:61–84.
Kercel SW. The role of volume transmission in an endogenous brain. J Integr Neurosci. 2004;3:7–18.
Canu E, Agosta F, Filippi M. A selective review of structural connectivity abnormalities of schizophrenic patients at different stages of the disease. Schizophr Res. 2015;161:19–28.
Bassett DS, Nelson BG, Mueller BA, Camchong J, Lim KO. Altered resting state complexity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2012;59:2196–207.
Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, Cosimano MP, Sepeda ND, Johnson MW, et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:481–9.
Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, et al. Psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177:391–410.
Lu J, Tjia M, Mullen B, Cao B, Lukasiewicz K, Shah-Morales S, et al. An analog of psychedelics restores functional neural circuits disrupted by unpredictable stress. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:6237–52.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JS: Conceptualization and Writing-Original Draft preparation; MB, MS, FCo, RC: Writing-Reviewing and Editing, Supervision, Validation. FM, GA, FCu: Methodology, literature review. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sapienza, J., Bosia, M., Spangaro, M. et al. Schizophrenia and psychedelic state: Dysconnection versus hyper-connection. A perspective on two different models of psychosis stemming from dysfunctional integration processes. Mol Psychiatry 28, 59–67 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01721-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01721-5
This article is cited by
-
Psychedelics and schizophrenia: a double-edged sword
Molecular Psychiatry (2024)
-
Ketamine reduces the neural distinction between self- and other-produced affective touch: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study
Neuropsychopharmacology (2024)
-
Excessive propagation of right frontal beta oscillations in patients with a history of major depressive disorder
Biomedical Engineering Letters (2024)