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The gut microbiome and mental health: advances in research and emerging priorities

Molecular Psychiatry volume 27, pages 1908–1919 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

The gut microbiome exerts a considerable influence on human neurophysiology and mental health. Interactions between intestinal microbiology and host regulatory systems have now been implicated both in the development of psychiatric conditions and in the efficacy of many common therapies. With the growing acceptance of the role played by the gut microbiome in mental health outcomes, the focus of research is now beginning to shift from identifying relationships between intestinal microbiology and pathophysiology, and towards using this newfound insight to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of gut microbiome–brain interactions, the mechanistic underpinnings of these relationships, and the ongoing challenge of distinguishing association and causation. We set out an overarching model of the evolution of microbiome–CNS interaction and examine how a growing knowledge of these complex systems can be used to determine disease susceptibility and reduce risk in a targeted manner.

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Fig. 1: The microbiome–gut–brain axis: active communication pathways connecting the microbiome and the central nervous system to affect brain function.
Fig. 2: The known key functional pathways of gut microbes that mediate neurological homeostasis.
Fig. 3: The evolutionary basis of microbiome–host interactions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiome and Host Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia

    Andrew P. Shoubridge, Jocelyn M. Choo & Geraint B. Rogers

  2. Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia

    Andrew P. Shoubridge, Jocelyn M. Choo & Geraint B. Rogers

  3. Neuroscience, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia

    Alyce M. Martin & Damien J. Keating

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Ma-Li Wong & Julio Licinio

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia

    Julio Licinio

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GBR conceptualised the idea for the manuscript. APS, JMC, AMM, DJK and GBR reviewed the literature and edited the manuscript. APS, JMC and GBR drafted the manuscript. APS, JMC, AMM, DJK, M-LW, JL and GBR revised, edited and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Shoubridge, A.P., Choo, J.M., Martin, A.M. et al. The gut microbiome and mental health: advances in research and emerging priorities. Mol Psychiatry 27, 1908–1919 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01479-w

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