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In vivo evidence of lower synaptic vesicle density in schizophrenia

Molecular Psychiatry volume 26, pages 7690–7698 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Decreased synaptic spine density has been the most consistently reported postmortem finding in schizophrenia (SCZ). A recently developed in vivo measure of synaptic vesicle density estimated using the novel positron emission tomography (PET) ligand [11C]UCB-J is a proxy measure of synaptic density. In this study we determined whether [11C]UCB-J binding, an in vivo measure of synaptic vesicle density, is altered in SCZ. SCZ patients (n = 13, 3 F) and age-, gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 15, 3 F) underwent PET imaging using [11C]UCB-J and high-resolution research tomography (HRRT). [11C]UCB-J distribution volume (VT) and binding potential (BPND) were estimated using a 1T model with centrum-semiovale as the reference region. Relative to HCs, SCZ patients, showed significantly lower [11C]UCB-J BPND with significant differences in the frontal cortex (−10%, Cohen’s d = 1.01), anterior cingulate (−11%, Cohen’s d = 1.24), hippocampus (−15%, Cohen’s d = 1.29), occipital cortex (−14%, Cohen’s d = 1.34), parietal cortex (−10%, p = 0.03, Cohen’s d = 0.85) and temporal cortex (−11%, Cohen’s d = 1.23). These differences remained significant after partial volume correction. [11C]UCB-J BPND did not correlate with cumulative antipsychotic exposure or gray-matter volume. Consistent with the postmortem and in vivo findings, synaptic vesicle density is lower across several brain regions in SCZ. Frontal synaptic vesicle density correlated with psychosis symptom severity and cognitive performance on social cognition and processing speed. These findings indicate that [11C]UCB-J PET is a sensitive tool to detect lower synaptic density in SCZ and holds promise for future studies of early detection and disease progression.

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Fig. 1: Comparison of synaptic density ([11C]UCB-J BPND) in schizophrenia (SCZ) and healthy controls (HC) across regions of interest (ROIs).
Fig. 2: Group-average distribution volume (VT) PET images in schizophrenia (SCZ) and healthy controls (HC).
Fig. 3: Comparison of synaptic density ([11C]UCB-J VT) in schizophrenia (SCZ) and healthy controls (HC) across regions of interest (ROIs).
Fig. 4: Relationship between synaptic density in the frontal cortex and symptom severity in schizophrenia.
Fig. 5: Relationship between synaptic density in the frontal cortex and social cognition in schizophrenia.
Fig. 6: Relationship between synaptic density in the frontal cortex and speed of detection in schizophrenia.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the staff of the Schizophrenia Neuropharmacology Research Group at Yale (SNRGY), Yale PET Center, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit (CNRU) at the Connecticut Mental Health Center (CMHC) of the Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services (DMHAS), the Hospital Research Unit (HRU) at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) and the Yale Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC).

Funding

The study was funded by 2016 Dana Foundation David Mahoney program (PI: Radhakrishnan, Skosnik), Nancy Taylor Foundation (PI: Esterlis), 2015 Thomas P. Detre Fellowship Awards in Translational Neuroscience Research in Psychiatry (PI: Radhakrishnan), 5R21MH115316 (PI: Radhakrishnan), and 5R01NS094253-03 (PI: Carson), R21DA043832 (PI: D’Souza) and departmental funds (D’Souza).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Rajiv Radhakrishnan, Patrick D. Skosnik

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Rajiv Radhakrishnan, Patrick D. Skosnik, Mohini Ranganathan, Ansel T. Hillmer, Irina Esterlis & Deepak C. D’Souza

  2. Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA

    Rajiv Radhakrishnan, Patrick D. Skosnik, Mohini Ranganathan & Deepak C. D’Souza

  3. Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA

    Rajiv Radhakrishnan, Mohini Ranganathan & Deepak C. D’Souza

  4. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Mika Naganawa, Takuya Toyonaga, Sjoerd Finnema, Ansel T. Hillmer, Yiyun Huang, Nabeel Nabulsi & Richard E. Carson

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Correspondence to Rajiv Radhakrishnan.

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The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. RR is supported by the Dana Foundation David Mahoney program and CTSA Grant Number UL1 TR001863 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NIH.

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Radhakrishnan, R., Skosnik, P.D., Ranganathan, M. et al. In vivo evidence of lower synaptic vesicle density in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 26, 7690–7698 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01184-0

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