Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Timing of postnatal steroids for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: association with pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes

Journal of Perinatology volume 40, pages 616–627 (2020)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Objective

To determine the associations between age at first postnatal corticosteroids (PNS) exposure and risk for severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI).

Study design

Cohort study of 951 infants born <27 weeks gestational age at NICHD Neonatal Research Network sites who received PNS between 8 days of life (DOL) and 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age was used to produce adjusted odds ratios (aOR).

Results

Compared with infants in the reference group (22–28 DOL-lowest rate), aOR for severe BPD was similar for children given PNS between DOL 8 and 49 but higher among infants treated at DOL 50–63 (aOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.03–3.06), and at DOL ≥64 (aOR 3.06, 95% CI 1.44–6.48). The aOR for NDI did not vary significantly by age of PNS exposure.

Conclusion

For infants at high risk of BPD, initial PNS should be considered prior to 50 DOL for the lowest associated odds of severe BPD.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1
Fig. 2: Restricted cubic spline models showing adjusted probabilities of ratios for primary outcomes (BPD, NDI) and primary outcome combined with death by categories based on age of first initiation of steroids.
Fig. 3: Unadjusted rates and adjusted odds ratios for primary outcomes (BPD, NDI) and primary outcome combined with death by categories based on age of first initiation of steroids.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data reported in this paper may be requested through a data use agreement. Further details are available at https://neonatal.rti.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=DataRequest.Home.

References

  1. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Walsh MC, Carlo WA, Shankaran S, et al. Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993–2012. JAMA. 2015;314:1039–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. MacLean JE, DeHaan K, Fuhr D, Hariharan S, Kamstra B, Hendson L, et al. Altered breathing mechanics and ventilatory response during exercise in children born extremely preterm. Thorax. 2016;71:1012–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Welsh L, Kirkby J, Lum S, Odendaal D, Marlow N, Derrick G, et al. The EPICure study: maximal exercise and physical activity in school children born extremely preterm. Thorax. 2010;65:165–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Natarajan G, Pappas A, Shankaran S, Kendrick DE, Das A, Higgins RD, et al. Outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: impact of the physiologic definition. Early Hum Dev. 2012;88:509–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis PG, Doyle LW, Asztalos EV, Opie G, et al. Prediction of late death or disability at age 5 years using a count of 3 neonatal morbidities in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2015;167:982–6.e982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Doyle LW, Cheong JL, Ehrenkranz RA, Halliday HL. Late (>7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:Cd001145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baud O, Maury L, Lebail F, Ramful D, El Moussawi F, Nicaise C, et al. Effect of early low-dose hydrocortisone on survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants (PREMILOC): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1827–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yeh TF, Lin YJ, Huang CC, Chen YJ, Lin CH, Lin HC, et al. Early dexamethasone therapy in preterm infants: a follow-up study. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yeh TF, Lin YJ, Lin HC, Huang CC, Hsieh WS, Lin CH, et al. Outcomes at school age after postnatal dexamethasone therapy for lung disease of prematurity. N. Engl J Med. 2004;350:1304–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Doyle LW, Cheong JL, Ehrenkranz RA, Halliday HL. Early (< 8 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:Cd001146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Doyle LW, Halliday HL, Ehrenkranz RA, Davis PG, Sinclair JC. Impact of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on mortality and cerebral palsy in preterm infants: effect modification by risk for chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2005;115:655–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ancel P, Goffinet F, E WG. Survival and morbidity of preterm children born at 22 through 34 weeks’ gestation in france in 2011: results of the epipage-2 cohort study. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:230–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Doyle LW, Halliday HL, Ehrenkranz RA, Davis PG, Sinclair JC. An update on the impact of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on mortality and cerebral palsy in preterm infants: effect modification by risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2014;165:1258–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Postnatal corticosteroids to prevent or treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2010;126:800–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Costeloe KL, Hennessy EM, Haider S, Stacey F, Marlow N, Draper ES. Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies). BMJ. 2012;345:e7976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Onland W, De Jaegere AP, Offringa M, van Kaam A. Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1:Cd010941.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Walsh MC, Morris BH, Wrage LA, Vohr BR, Poole WK, Tyson JE, et al. Extremely low birthweight neonates with protracted ventilation: mortality and 18-month neurodevelopmental outcomes. J Pediatr. 2005;146:798–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jensen EA, DeMauro SB, Kornhauser M, Aghai ZH, Greenspan JS, Dysart KC. Effects of multiple ventilation courses and duration of mechanical ventilation on respiratory outcomes in extremely low-birth-weight infants. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:1011–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Choi Y-B, Lee J, Park J, Jun YH. Impact of prolonged mechanical ventilation in very low birth weight infants: results from a National Cohort Study. J Pediatr. 194:34–39.e33.

  20. Ehrenkranz RA, Walsh MC, Vohr BR, Jobe AH, Wright LL, Fanaroff AA, et al. Validation of the National Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1353–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Malavolti AM, Bassler D, Arlettaz-Mieth R, Faldella G, Latal B, Natalucci G. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-impact of severity and timing of diagnosis on neurodevelopment of preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2018;2:e000165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1723–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bayley N Bayley. Scales of infant and toddler development—3rd Edition. Harcourt Assessment Inc.: San Antonio; 2006.

  24. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:214–23.

  25. Dupont WD, Plummer WD RC_SPLINE: Stata module to generate restricted cubic splines. Statistical Software Components, S447301. 2004. Accessed 15 May 2018. https://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s447301.html

  26. Harrell FE. Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic and Ordinal Regression, and Survival Analysis. Spinger-Verlag New York, Inc: New York, NY; 2001.

  27. Alexander GR, Himes JH, Kaufman RB, Mor J, Kogan M. A United States national reference for fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87:163–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Doyle LW, Ehrenkranz RA, Halliday HL. Late (> 7 days) postnatal corticosteroids for chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;5:Cd001145.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Halliday HL, Patterson CC, Halahakoon CW. A multicenter, randomized open study of early corticosteroid treatment (OSECT) in preterm infants with respiratory illness: comparison of early and late treatment and of dexamethasone and inhaled budesonide. Pediatrics. 2001;107:232–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Merz U, Peschgens T, Kusenbach G, Hornchen H. Early versus late dexamethasone treatment in preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease: a randomized pilot study. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:318–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Papile LA, Tyson JE, Stoll BJ, Wright LL, Donovan EF, Bauer CR, et al. A multicenter trial of two dexamethasone regimens in ventilator-dependent premature infants. N. Engl J Med. 1998;338:1112–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wilson-Costello D, Walsh MC, Langer JC, Guillet R, Laptook AR, Stoll BJ, et al. Impact of postnatal corticosteroid use on neurodevelopment at 18 to 22 months’ adjusted age: effects of dose, timing, and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e430–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Vohr BR, Stephens BE, Higgins RD, Bann CM, Hintz SR, Das A, et al. Are outcomes of extremely preterm infants improving? Impact of Bayley assessment on outcomes. J Pediatr. 2012;161:222–8 e223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Onland W, Cools F, Kroon A, Rademaker K, Merkus MP, Dijk PH, et al. Effect of hydrocortisone therapy initiated 7 to 14 days after birth on mortality or bronchopulmonary dysplasia among very preterm infants receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomized clinical TrialEffect of hydrocortisone on BPD and mortality in very preterm mechanically ventilated infants effect of hydrocortisone on BPD and mortality in very preterm mechanically ventilated infants. JAMA. 2019;321:354–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kersbergen KJ, de Vries LS, van Kooij BJ, Isgum I, Rademaker KJ, van Bel F, et al. Hydrocortisone treatment for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and brain volumes in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2013;163:666–71.e1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Hydrocortisone for BPD. May 13, 2011 ed. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The National Institutes of Health, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Center for Research Resources, and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences provided grant support for the Neonatal Research Network’s Generic Database and Follow-up Studies through cooperative agreements. While NICHD staff did have input into the study design, conduct, analysis, and manuscript drafting, the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Data collected at participating sites of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network (NRN) were transmitted to RTI International, the data coordinating center (DCC) for the network, which stored, managed and analyzed the data for this study. On behalf of the NRN, AD (DCC Principal Investigator) and Douglas Kendrick (DCC Statistician) had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis. We are indebted to our medical and nursing colleagues and the infants and their parents who agreed to take part in this study.

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network

Michael S. Caplan8, Abbott R. Laptook9, Martin Keszler9, Betty R. Vohr9, Barbara Alksninis9, Kristin M. Basso9, Robert Burke9, Melinda Caskey9, Katharine Johnson9, Mary Lenore Keszler9, Andrea M. Knoll9, Theresa M. Leach9, Emilee Little9, Elisabeth C. McGowan9, Elisa Vieira9, Victoria E. Watson9, Suzy Ventura9, Michele C. Walsh10, Anna Maria Hibbs10, Deanne E. Wilson-Costello10, Nancy S. Newman10, Allison H. Payne10, Bonnie S. Siner10, Monika Bhola10, Gulgun Yalcinkaya10, William E. Truog11, Eugenia K. Pallotto11, Howard W. Kilbride11, Cheri Gauldin11, Anne Holmes11, Kathy Johnson11, Allison Scott11, Kurt Schibler12, Edward F. Donovan12, Cathy Grisby12, Kate Bridges12, Barbara Alexander12, Estelle E. Fischer12, Holly L. Mincey12, Jody Hessling12, Teresa L. Gratton12, Lenora Jackson12, Kristin Kirker12, Greg Muthig12, Jean J. Steichen12, Stacey Tepe12, Kimberly Yolton12, Ronald N. Goldberg13, C. Michael Cotten13, Ricki F. Goldstein13, Patricia L. Ashley13, William F. Malcolm13, Kathy J. Auten13, Kimberley A. Fisher13, Sandra Grimes13, Kathryn E. Gustafson13, Melody B. Lohmeyer13, Joanne Finkle13, Matthew M. Laughon13, Carl L. Bose13, Janice Bernhardt13, Gennie Bose13, Diane Warner13, Janice Wereszczak13, David P. Carlton14, Barbara J. Stoll14, Ira Adams-Chapman14, Ellen C. Hale14, Yvonne Loggins14, Ann Blackwelder14, Lynn C. Wineski14, Maureen Mulligan LaRossa14, Sheena L. Carter14, Rosemary D. Higgins15, Stephanie Wilson Archer15, Brenda B. Poindexter16, Anna M. Dusick16, Lu-Ann Papile16, Susan Gunn16, Faithe Hamer16, Dianne E. Herron16, Abbey C. Hines16, Carolyn Lytle16, Heike M. Minnich16, Lucy Smiley16, Leslie Dawn Wilson16, Kathleen A. Kennedy17, Jon E. Tyson17, Georgia E. McDavid17, Nora I. Alaniz17, Julie Arldt-McAlister17, Katrina Burson17, Allison G. Dempsey17, Andrea F. Duncan17, Patricia W. Evans17, Charles E. Green17, Beverly Foley Harris17, Margarita Jiminez17, Janice John17, Patrick M. Jones17, Layne M. Lillie17, Anna E. Lis17, Sara C. Martin17, Brenda H. Morris17, M. Layne Poundstone17, Shawna Rodgers17, Saba Siddiki17, Maegan C. Simmons17, Daniel Sperry17, Patti L. Pierce Tate17, Sharon L. Wright17, Pablo J. Sanchez18, Leif D. Nelin18, Sudarshan R. Jadcherla18, Patricia Luzader18, Christine A. Fortney18, Gail E. Besner18, Nehal A. Parikh18, Abhik Das19, Dennis Wallace19, Marie G. Gantz19, W. Kenneth Poole19, Jamie E. Newman19, Jeanette O’Donnell Auman19, Margaret M. Crawford19, Jenna Gabrio19, Carolyn M. Petrie Huitema19, Kristin M. Zaterka-Baxter19, Krisa P. Van Meurs20, David K. Stevenson20, Susan R. Hintz20, M. Bethany Ball20, Alexis S. Davis20, Andrew W. Palmquist20, Melinda S. Proud20, Barbara Bentley20, Elizabeth Bruno20, Maria Elena DeAnda20, Anne M. DeBattista20, Beth Earhart20, Lynne C. Huffman20, Jean G. Kohn20, Casey Krueger20, Hali E. Weiss20, Ivan D. Frantz III21, John M. Fiascone21, Brenda L. MacKinnon21, Anne Furey21, Ellen Nylen21, Elisabeth C. McGowan21, Cecelia E. Sibley21, Ana K. Brussa21, Waldemar A. Carlo22, Namasivayam Ambalavanan22, Myriam Peralta-Carcelen22, Monica V. Collins22, Shirley S. Cosby22, Fred J. Biasini22, Kristen C. Johnston22, Kathleen G. Nelson22, Cryshelle S. Patterson22, Vivien A. Phillips22, Sally Whitley22, Uday Devaskar23, Meena Garg23, Isabell B. Purdy23, Teresa Chanlaw23, Rachel Geller23, Neil N. Finer24, Yvonne E. Vaucher24, David Kaegi24, Maynard R. Rasmussen24, Kathy Arnell24, Clarence Demetrio24, Martha G. Fuller24, Wade Rich24, Tarah T. Colaizy25, Michael J. Acarregui25, Jane E. Brumbaugh25, Dan L. Ellsbury25, John A. Widness25, Karen J. Johnson25, Donia B. Campbell25, Diane L. Eastman25, Jacky R. Walker25, Shahnaz Duara26, Charles R. Bauer26, Ruth Everett-Thomas26, Sylvia Fajardo-Hiriart26, Arielle Rigaud26, Maria Calejo26, Silvia M. Frade Eguaras26, Michelle Harwood Berkowits26, Andrea Garcia26, Helina Pierre26, Alexandra Stoerger26, Kristi L. Watterberg27, Jean R. Lowe27, Janell F. Fuller27, Robin K. Ohls27, Conra Backstrom Lacy27, Andrea F. Duncan27, Rebecca Montman27, Sandra Sundquist Beauman27, Barbara Schmidt28, Haresh Kirpalani28, Aasma S. Chaudhary28, Soraya Abbasi28, Toni Mancini28, Dara M. Cucinotta28, Judy C. Bernbaum28, Marsha Gerdes28, Hallam Hurt28, Carl T. D’Angio29, Dale L. Phelps29, Ronnie Guillet29, Satyan Lakshminrusimha29, Julie Babish Johnson29, Linda J. Reubens29, Cassandra A. Horihan29, Diane Hust29, Rosemary L. Jensen29, Emily Kushner29, Joan Merzbach29, Gary J. Myers29, Holly I. M. Wadkins29, Stephanie Guilford29, Deanna Maffett29, Osman Farooq29, Diane Prinzing29, Anne Marie Reynolds29, Mary Rowan29, Michael G. Sacilowski29, Ashley Williams29, Karen Wynn29, Kelley Yost29, William Zorn29, Lauren Zwetsch29, Pablo J. Sanchez30, Luc P. Brion30, Roy J. Heyne30, Walid A. Salhab30, Charles R. Rosenfeld30, Diana M. Vasil30, Lijun Chen30, Alicia Guzman30, Gaynelle Hensley30, Melissa H. Leps30, Nancy A. Miller30, Janet S. Morgan30, Sally S. Adams30, Catherine Twell Boatman30, Elizabeth T. Heyne30, Linda A. Madden30, Lizette E. Lee30, Roger G. Faix31, Bradley A. Yoder31, Karen A. Osborne31, Cynthia Spencer31, Kimberlee Weaver-Lewis31, Shawna Baker31, Karie Bird31, Jill Burnett31, Michael Steffen31, Jennifer J. Jensen31, Sarah Winter31, Karen Zanetti31, T. Michael O’Shea32, Robert G. Dillard32, Lisa K. Washburn32, Barbara G. Jackson32, Nancy Peters32, Korinne Chiu32, Deborah Evans Allred32, Donald J. Goldstein32, Raquel Halfond32, Carroll Peterson32, Ellen L. Waldrep32, Cherrie D. Welch32, Melissa Whalen Morris32, Gail Wiley Hounshell32, Seetha Shankaran33, Athina Pappas33, John Barks33, Rebecca Bara33, Laura A. Goldston33, Girija Natarajan33, Monika Bajaj33, Sanjay Chawla33, Lilia C. De Jesus33, Beena G. Sood33, Mary Christensen33, Stephanie A. Wiggins33, Diane White33, Richard A. Ehrenkranz34, Harris Jacobs34, Christine G. Butler34, Patricia Cervone34, Sheila Greisman34, Monica Konstantino34, JoAnn Poulsen34, Janet Taft34, Joanne Williams34, Elaine Romano34

Author information

Author notes

  1. Deceased: Anna M. Dusick, W. Kenneth Poole

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Heidi M. Harmon & Edward F. Bell

  2. Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Erik A. Jensen, Aasma S. Chaudhary & Sara B. DeMauro

  3. Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA

    Sylvia Tan

  4. Section of Neonatology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Jonathan L. Slaughter

  5. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Myra H. Wyckoff

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Angelita M. Hensman

  7. Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Gregory M. Sokol

  8. University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IA, USA

    Michael S. Caplan

  9. Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA

    Abbott R. Laptook, Martin Keszler, Betty R. Vohr, Barbara Alksninis, Kristin M. Basso, Robert Burke, Melinda Caskey, Katharine Johnson, Mary Lenore Keszler, Andrea M. Knoll, Theresa M. Leach, Emilee Little, Elisabeth C. McGowan, Elisa Vieira, Victoria E. Watson & Suzy Ventura

  10. Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Michele C. Walsh, Anna Maria Hibbs, Deanne E. Wilson-Costello, Nancy S. Newman, Allison H. Payne, Bonnie S. Siner, Monika Bhola & Gulgun Yalcinkaya

  11. Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA

    William E. Truog, Eugenia K. Pallotto, Howard W. Kilbride, Cheri Gauldin, Anne Holmes, Kathy Johnson & Allison Scott

  12. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University Hospital, and Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Kurt Schibler, Edward F. Donovan, Cathy Grisby, Kate Bridges, Barbara Alexander, Estelle E. Fischer, Holly L. Mincey, Jody Hessling, Teresa L. Gratton, Lenora Jackson, Kristin Kirker, Greg Muthig, Jean J. Steichen, Stacey Tepe & Kimberly Yolton

  13. Duke University School of Medicine, University Hospital, University of North Carolina, and Duke Regional Hospital, Durham, NC, USA

    Ronald N. Goldberg, C. Michael Cotten, Ricki F. Goldstein, Patricia L. Ashley, William F. Malcolm, Kathy J. Auten, Kimberley A. Fisher, Sandra Grimes, Kathryn E. Gustafson, Melody B. Lohmeyer, Joanne Finkle, Matthew M. Laughon, Carl L. Bose, Janice Bernhardt, Gennie Bose, Diane Warner & Janice Wereszczak

  14. Emory University, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Grady Memorial Hospital, and Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, GA, USA

    David P. Carlton, Barbara J. Stoll, Ira Adams-Chapman, Ellen C. Hale, Yvonne Loggins, Ann Blackwelder, Lynn C. Wineski, Maureen Mulligan LaRossa & Sheena L. Carter

  15. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Rosemary D. Higgins & Stephanie Wilson Archer

  16. Indiana University, University Hospital, Methodist Hospital, Riley Hospital for Children, and Wishard Health Services, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Brenda B. Poindexter, Anna M. Dusick, Lu-Ann Papile, Susan Gunn, Faithe Hamer, Dianne E. Herron, Abbey C. Hines, Carolyn Lytle, Heike M. Minnich, Lucy Smiley & Leslie Dawn Wilson

  17. McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, and Lyndon Baines Johnson General Hospital/Harris County Hospital District, Houston, TX, USA

    Kathleen A. Kennedy, Jon E. Tyson, Georgia E. McDavid, Nora I. Alaniz, Julie Arldt-McAlister, Katrina Burson, Allison G. Dempsey, Andrea F. Duncan, Patricia W. Evans, Charles E. Green, Beverly Foley Harris, Margarita Jiminez, Janice John, Patrick M. Jones, Layne M. Lillie, Anna E. Lis, Sara C. Martin, Brenda H. Morris, M. Layne Poundstone, Shawna Rodgers, Saba Siddiki, Maegan C. Simmons, Daniel Sperry, Patti L. Pierce Tate & Sharon L. Wright

  18. Nationwide Children’s Hospital and the Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

    Pablo J. Sanchez, Leif D. Nelin, Sudarshan R. Jadcherla, Patricia Luzader, Christine A. Fortney, Gail E. Besner & Nehal A. Parikh

  19. RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    Abhik Das, Dennis Wallace, Marie G. Gantz, W. Kenneth Poole, Jamie E. Newman, Jeanette O’Donnell Auman, Margaret M. Crawford, Jenna Gabrio, Carolyn M. Petrie Huitema & Kristin M. Zaterka-Baxter

  20. Stanford University, Dominican Hospital, El Camino Hospital, and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA

    Krisa P. Van Meurs, David K. Stevenson, Susan R. Hintz, M. Bethany Ball, Alexis S. Davis, Andrew W. Palmquist, Melinda S. Proud, Barbara Bentley, Elizabeth Bruno, Maria Elena DeAnda, Anne M. DeBattista, Beth Earhart, Lynne C. Huffman, Jean G. Kohn, Casey Krueger & Hali E. Weiss

  21. Tufts Medical Center, Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA

    Ivan D. Frantz III, John M. Fiascone, Brenda L. MacKinnon, Anne Furey, Ellen Nylen, Elisabeth C. McGowan, Cecelia E. Sibley & Ana K. Brussa

  22. University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System and Children’s Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Waldemar A. Carlo, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Myriam Peralta-Carcelen, Monica V. Collins, Shirley S. Cosby, Fred J. Biasini, Kristen C. Johnston, Kathleen G. Nelson, Cryshelle S. Patterson, Vivien A. Phillips & Sally Whitley

  23. University of California—Los Angeles, Mattel Children’s Hospital, Santa Monica Hospital, Los Robles Hospital and Medical Center, and Olive View Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Uday Devaskar, Meena Garg, Isabell B. Purdy, Teresa Chanlaw & Rachel Geller

  24. University of California San Diego Medical Center and Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, CA, USA

    Neil N. Finer, Yvonne E. Vaucher, David Kaegi, Maynard R. Rasmussen, Kathy Arnell, Clarence Demetrio, Martha G. Fuller & Wade Rich

  25. University of Iowa and Mercy Medical Center, Iowa, IA, USA

    Tarah T. Colaizy, Michael J. Acarregui, Jane E. Brumbaugh, Dan L. Ellsbury, John A. Widness, Karen J. Johnson, Donia B. Campbell, Diane L. Eastman & Jacky R. Walker

  26. University of Miami, Holtz Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, USA

    Shahnaz Duara, Charles R. Bauer, Ruth Everett-Thomas, Sylvia Fajardo-Hiriart, Arielle Rigaud, Maria Calejo, Silvia M. Frade Eguaras, Michelle Harwood Berkowits, Andrea Garcia, Helina Pierre & Alexandra Stoerger

  27. University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Kristi L. Watterberg, Jean R. Lowe, Janell F. Fuller, Robin K. Ohls, Conra Backstrom Lacy, Andrea F. Duncan, Rebecca Montman & Sandra Sundquist Beauman

  28. University of Pennsylvania, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Hospital, and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Barbara Schmidt, Haresh Kirpalani, Aasma S. Chaudhary, Soraya Abbasi, Toni Mancini, Dara M. Cucinotta, Judy C. Bernbaum, Marsha Gerdes & Hallam Hurt

  29. University of Rochester Medical Center, Golisano Children’s Hospital, and the University at Buffalo Women’s and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Rochester, NY, USA

    Carl T. D’Angio, Dale L. Phelps, Ronnie Guillet, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Julie Babish Johnson, Linda J. Reubens, Cassandra A. Horihan, Diane Hust, Rosemary L. Jensen, Emily Kushner, Joan Merzbach, Gary J. Myers, Holly I. M. Wadkins, Stephanie Guilford, Deanna Maffett, Osman Farooq, Diane Prinzing, Anne Marie Reynolds, Mary Rowan, Michael G. Sacilowski, Ashley Williams, Karen Wynn, Kelley Yost, William Zorn & Lauren Zwetsch

  30. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Parkland Health & Hospital System, and Children’s Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA

    Pablo J. Sanchez, Luc P. Brion, Roy J. Heyne, Walid A. Salhab, Charles R. Rosenfeld, Diana M. Vasil, Lijun Chen, Alicia Guzman, Gaynelle Hensley, Melissa H. Leps, Nancy A. Miller, Janet S. Morgan, Sally S. Adams, Catherine Twell Boatman, Elizabeth T. Heyne, Linda A. Madden & Lizette E. Lee

  31. University of Utah Medical Center, Intermountain Medical Center, LDS Hospital, and Primary Children’s Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Roger G. Faix, Bradley A. Yoder, Karen A. Osborne, Cynthia Spencer, Kimberlee Weaver-Lewis, Shawna Baker, Karie Bird, Jill Burnett, Michael Steffen, Jennifer J. Jensen, Sarah Winter & Karen Zanetti

  32. Wake Forest University, Baptist Medical Center, Forsyth Medical Center, and Brenner Children’s Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    T. Michael O’Shea, Robert G. Dillard, Lisa K. Washburn, Barbara G. Jackson, Nancy Peters, Korinne Chiu, Deborah Evans Allred, Donald J. Goldstein, Raquel Halfond, Carroll Peterson, Ellen L. Waldrep, Cherrie D. Welch, Melissa Whalen Morris & Gail Wiley Hounshell

  33. Wayne State University, Hutzel Women’s Hospital and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA

    Seetha Shankaran, Athina Pappas, John Barks, Rebecca Bara, Laura A. Goldston, Girija Natarajan, Monika Bajaj, Sanjay Chawla, Lilia C. De Jesus, Beena G. Sood, Mary Christensen, Stephanie A. Wiggins & Diane White

  34. Yale University, Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital, and Bridgeport Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA

    Richard A. Ehrenkranz, Harris Jacobs, Christine G. Butler, Patricia Cervone, Sheila Greisman, Monica Konstantino, JoAnn Poulsen, Janet Taft, Joanne Williams & Elaine Romano

Authors
  1. Heidi M. Harmon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erik A. Jensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sylvia Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aasma S. Chaudhary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jonathan L. Slaughter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Edward F. Bell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Myra H. Wyckoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Angelita M. Hensman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Gregory M. Sokol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Sara B. DeMauro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network

  • Michael S. Caplan
  • , Abbott R. Laptook
  • , Martin Keszler
  • , Betty R. Vohr
  • , Barbara Alksninis
  • , Kristin M. Basso
  • , Robert Burke
  • , Melinda Caskey
  • , Katharine Johnson
  • , Mary Lenore Keszler
  • , Andrea M. Knoll
  • , Theresa M. Leach
  • , Emilee Little
  • , Elisabeth C. McGowan
  • , Elisa Vieira
  • , Victoria E. Watson
  • , Suzy Ventura
  • , Michele C. Walsh
  • , Anna Maria Hibbs
  • , Deanne E. Wilson-Costello
  • , Nancy S. Newman
  • , Allison H. Payne
  • , Bonnie S. Siner
  • , Monika Bhola
  • , Gulgun Yalcinkaya
  • , William E. Truog
  • , Eugenia K. Pallotto
  • , Howard W. Kilbride
  • , Cheri Gauldin
  • , Anne Holmes
  • , Kathy Johnson
  • , Allison Scott
  • , Kurt Schibler
  • , Edward F. Donovan
  • , Cathy Grisby
  • , Kate Bridges
  • , Barbara Alexander
  • , Estelle E. Fischer
  • , Holly L. Mincey
  • , Jody Hessling
  • , Teresa L. Gratton
  • , Lenora Jackson
  • , Kristin Kirker
  • , Greg Muthig
  • , Jean J. Steichen
  • , Stacey Tepe
  • , Kimberly Yolton
  • , Ronald N. Goldberg
  • , C. Michael Cotten
  • , Ricki F. Goldstein
  • , Patricia L. Ashley
  • , William F. Malcolm
  • , Kathy J. Auten
  • , Kimberley A. Fisher
  • , Sandra Grimes
  • , Kathryn E. Gustafson
  • , Melody B. Lohmeyer
  • , Joanne Finkle
  • , Matthew M. Laughon
  • , Carl L. Bose
  • , Janice Bernhardt
  • , Gennie Bose
  • , Diane Warner
  • , Janice Wereszczak
  • , David P. Carlton
  • , Barbara J. Stoll
  • , Ira Adams-Chapman
  • , Ellen C. Hale
  • , Yvonne Loggins
  • , Ann Blackwelder
  • , Lynn C. Wineski
  • , Maureen Mulligan LaRossa
  • , Sheena L. Carter
  • , Rosemary D. Higgins
  • , Stephanie Wilson Archer
  • , Brenda B. Poindexter
  • , Anna M. Dusick
  • , Lu-Ann Papile
  • , Susan Gunn
  • , Faithe Hamer
  • , Dianne E. Herron
  • , Abbey C. Hines
  • , Carolyn Lytle
  • , Heike M. Minnich
  • , Lucy Smiley
  • , Leslie Dawn Wilson
  • , Kathleen A. Kennedy
  • , Jon E. Tyson
  • , Georgia E. McDavid
  • , Nora I. Alaniz
  • , Julie Arldt-McAlister
  • , Katrina Burson
  • , Allison G. Dempsey
  • , Andrea F. Duncan
  • , Patricia W. Evans
  • , Charles E. Green
  • , Beverly Foley Harris
  • , Margarita Jiminez
  • , Janice John
  • , Patrick M. Jones
  • , Layne M. Lillie
  • , Anna E. Lis
  • , Sara C. Martin
  • , Brenda H. Morris
  • , M. Layne Poundstone
  • , Shawna Rodgers
  • , Saba Siddiki
  • , Maegan C. Simmons
  • , Daniel Sperry
  • , Patti L. Pierce Tate
  • , Sharon L. Wright
  • , Pablo J. Sanchez
  • , Leif D. Nelin
  • , Sudarshan R. Jadcherla
  • , Patricia Luzader
  • , Christine A. Fortney
  • , Gail E. Besner
  • , Nehal A. Parikh
  • , Abhik Das
  • , Dennis Wallace
  • , Marie G. Gantz
  • , W. Kenneth Poole
  • , Jamie E. Newman
  • , Jeanette O’Donnell Auman
  • , Margaret M. Crawford
  • , Jenna Gabrio
  • , Carolyn M. Petrie Huitema
  • , Kristin M. Zaterka-Baxter
  • , Krisa P. Van Meurs
  • , David K. Stevenson
  • , Susan R. Hintz
  • , M. Bethany Ball
  • , Alexis S. Davis
  • , Andrew W. Palmquist
  • , Melinda S. Proud
  • , Barbara Bentley
  • , Elizabeth Bruno
  • , Maria Elena DeAnda
  • , Anne M. DeBattista
  • , Beth Earhart
  • , Lynne C. Huffman
  • , Jean G. Kohn
  • , Casey Krueger
  • , Hali E. Weiss
  • , Ivan D. Frantz III
  • , John M. Fiascone
  • , Brenda L. MacKinnon
  • , Anne Furey
  • , Ellen Nylen
  • , Elisabeth C. McGowan
  • , Cecelia E. Sibley
  • , Ana K. Brussa
  • , Waldemar A. Carlo
  • , Namasivayam Ambalavanan
  • , Myriam Peralta-Carcelen
  • , Monica V. Collins
  • , Shirley S. Cosby
  • , Fred J. Biasini
  • , Kristen C. Johnston
  • , Kathleen G. Nelson
  • , Cryshelle S. Patterson
  • , Vivien A. Phillips
  • , Sally Whitley
  • , Uday Devaskar
  • , Meena Garg
  • , Isabell B. Purdy
  • , Teresa Chanlaw
  • , Rachel Geller
  • , Neil N. Finer
  • , Yvonne E. Vaucher
  • , David Kaegi
  • , Maynard R. Rasmussen
  • , Kathy Arnell
  • , Clarence Demetrio
  • , Martha G. Fuller
  • , Wade Rich
  • , Tarah T. Colaizy
  • , Michael J. Acarregui
  • , Jane E. Brumbaugh
  • , Dan L. Ellsbury
  • , John A. Widness
  • , Karen J. Johnson
  • , Donia B. Campbell
  • , Diane L. Eastman
  • , Jacky R. Walker
  • , Shahnaz Duara
  • , Charles R. Bauer
  • , Ruth Everett-Thomas
  • , Sylvia Fajardo-Hiriart
  • , Arielle Rigaud
  • , Maria Calejo
  • , Silvia M. Frade Eguaras
  • , Michelle Harwood Berkowits
  • , Andrea Garcia
  • , Helina Pierre
  • , Alexandra Stoerger
  • , Kristi L. Watterberg
  • , Jean R. Lowe
  • , Janell F. Fuller
  • , Robin K. Ohls
  • , Conra Backstrom Lacy
  • , Andrea F. Duncan
  • , Rebecca Montman
  • , Sandra Sundquist Beauman
  • , Barbara Schmidt
  • , Haresh Kirpalani
  • , Aasma S. Chaudhary
  • , Soraya Abbasi
  • , Toni Mancini
  • , Dara M. Cucinotta
  • , Judy C. Bernbaum
  • , Marsha Gerdes
  • , Hallam Hurt
  • , Carl T. D’Angio
  • , Dale L. Phelps
  • , Ronnie Guillet
  • , Satyan Lakshminrusimha
  • , Julie Babish Johnson
  • , Linda J. Reubens
  • , Cassandra A. Horihan
  • , Diane Hust
  • , Rosemary L. Jensen
  • , Emily Kushner
  • , Joan Merzbach
  • , Gary J. Myers
  • , Holly I. M. Wadkins
  • , Stephanie Guilford
  • , Deanna Maffett
  • , Osman Farooq
  • , Diane Prinzing
  • , Anne Marie Reynolds
  • , Mary Rowan
  • , Michael G. Sacilowski
  • , Ashley Williams
  • , Karen Wynn
  • , Kelley Yost
  • , William Zorn
  • , Lauren Zwetsch
  • , Pablo J. Sanchez
  • , Luc P. Brion
  • , Roy J. Heyne
  • , Walid A. Salhab
  • , Charles R. Rosenfeld
  • , Diana M. Vasil
  • , Lijun Chen
  • , Alicia Guzman
  • , Gaynelle Hensley
  • , Melissa H. Leps
  • , Nancy A. Miller
  • , Janet S. Morgan
  • , Sally S. Adams
  • , Catherine Twell Boatman
  • , Elizabeth T. Heyne
  • , Linda A. Madden
  • , Lizette E. Lee
  • , Roger G. Faix
  • , Bradley A. Yoder
  • , Karen A. Osborne
  • , Cynthia Spencer
  • , Kimberlee Weaver-Lewis
  • , Shawna Baker
  • , Karie Bird
  • , Jill Burnett
  • , Michael Steffen
  • , Jennifer J. Jensen
  • , Sarah Winter
  • , Karen Zanetti
  • , T. Michael O’Shea
  • , Robert G. Dillard
  • , Lisa K. Washburn
  • , Barbara G. Jackson
  • , Nancy Peters
  • , Korinne Chiu
  • , Deborah Evans Allred
  • , Donald J. Goldstein
  • , Raquel Halfond
  • , Carroll Peterson
  • , Ellen L. Waldrep
  • , Cherrie D. Welch
  • , Melissa Whalen Morris
  • , Gail Wiley Hounshell
  • , Seetha Shankaran
  • , Athina Pappas
  • , John Barks
  • , Rebecca Bara
  • , Laura A. Goldston
  • , Girija Natarajan
  • , Monika Bajaj
  • , Sanjay Chawla
  • , Lilia C. De Jesus
  • , Beena G. Sood
  • , Mary Christensen
  • , Stephanie A. Wiggins
  • , Diane White
  • , Richard A. Ehrenkranz
  • , Harris Jacobs
  • , Christine G. Butler
  • , Patricia Cervone
  • , Sheila Greisman
  • , Monica Konstantino
  • , JoAnn Poulsen
  • , Janet Taft
  • , Joanne Williams
  •  & Elaine Romano

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heidi M. Harmon.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Members of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network are listed below Acknowledgements.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Harmon, H.M., Jensen, E.A., Tan, S. et al. Timing of postnatal steroids for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: association with pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes. J Perinatol 40, 616–627 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-0594-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-0594-4

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links