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Clinical Research

The relationship between maternal body mass index and pregnancy outcomes in twin compared with singleton pregnancies

International Journal of Obesity volume 44, pages 33–44 (2020)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Objecive

Women with twins have an a priori increased risk for many of the complications associated with maternal obesity. Thus, the impact of maternal obesity in twins may differ from that reported in singletons. In addition, given the increased metabolic demands in twin pregnancies, the impact of maternal underweight may be greater in twin compared with singleton gestations. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and adverse pregnancy outcomes differ between twin and singleton gestations.

Methods

This was a retrospective population-based study of all women who had a singleton or twin hospital birth in Ontario, Canada, between April 2012 and March 2016. Data were obtained from the Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario. The relationship between maternal BMI category and pregnancy complications was assessed separately in twin and singleton gestations. The primary outcome was a composite variable that included any of the following complications: preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, or preterm birth before 320/7 weeks. Relative risk (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for adverse outcomes for each BMI category as defined by WHO (using normal weight category as reference) were generated using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for maternal age, nulliparity, smoking, previous preterm birth, and fetal sex.

Results

A total of 487,870 women with singleton (n = 480,010) and twin (n = 7860) pregnancies met the inclusion criteria. The risk of the composite primary outcome, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and cesarean delivery increased with high maternal BMI in both singleton and twin gestations, but these associations were weaker in twin compared with singleton gestations (association of BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2 with primary outcome: aRR = 3.10, 95%-CI 2.96–3.24 in singletons compared with aRR = 1.74, 95%-CI 1.37–2.20 in twins). In singleton pregnancies the risk of preterm birth at < 320/7 weeks increased with maternal BMI, mainly due to an increased risk of provider-initiated preterm birth. In twin gestations, however, underweight (but not overweight or obesity) was associated with the greatest risk of preterm birth at < 32 weeks (aRR 1.67, 95%-CI 1.17–2.37), mainly due to an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth (aRR 2.10, 95%-CI 1.44–3.08).

Conclusion

In healthy women with twin pregnancies, underweight is associated with the greatest risk for preterm birth, while the association of maternal obesity with adverse pregnancy outcomes is weaker than that observed in singletons.

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Funding

This study was funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) (Grant#146442; Non-communicable Diseases in Obstetrics: Improving Quality of Care and Maternal-infant Outcomes Through an Obstetrical Research Network). Matched funding was provided by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Toronto, McMaster University, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Providence St. Joseph’s and St. Michael’s Healthcare. Dr. Sarah D. McDonald is supported by a Tier II Canada Research Chair. Dr. Beth Murray-Davis is supported by a Hamilton Health Sciences Early Career Award. None of the funding agencies had any role in the idea, design, analyses, interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Maya Ram, Hayley Lipworth, Jon Barrett & Nir Melamed

  2. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine), Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Maya Ram

  3. Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Howard Berger

  4. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Michael Geary

  5. Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Radiology, and Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Sarah D. McDonald

  6. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Midwifery Education Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Beth Murray-Davis

  7. Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Catherine Riddell & Haroon Hasan

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for the DOH-Net (Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension in Pregnancy Research Network) and SOON (Southern Ontario Obstetrical Network) Investigators

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Correspondence to Maya Ram.

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Supplementary information

Table S1: Maternal and neonatal outcomes by maternal BMI in singleton pregnancies

Table S2: Maternal and neonatal outcomes by maternal BMI in twin pregnancies

41366_2019_362_MOESM3_ESM.docx

Table S3: Association between maternal BMI and maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in singleton pregnancies – multivariable analysis

41366_2019_362_MOESM4_ESM.docx

Table S4: Association between maternal BMI and maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in twin pregnancies – multivariable analysis

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Ram, M., Berger, H., Lipworth, H. et al. The relationship between maternal body mass index and pregnancy outcomes in twin compared with singleton pregnancies. Int J Obes 44, 33–44 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0362-8

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