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Basic Research

Impact of carbohydrate restriction in the context of obesity on prostate tumor growth in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases volume 20, pages 165–171 (2017)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background:

Previously, we showed that carbohydrate restriction with calorie restriction slowed tumor growth in xenograft mouse prostate cancer models. Herein, we examined the impact of carbohydrate restriction without calorie restriction on tumor development within the context of diet-induced obesity in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer.

Methods:

Mice were randomized at 5 weeks of age to ad libitum western diet (WD; 40% fat, 42% carbohydrate; n=39) or ad libitum no carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD; 82% fat, 1% carbohydrate; n=44). At age 3 or 6 months, mice were killed, prostates weighed and prostate histology, proliferation, apoptosis and macrophage infiltration evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, Ki67, TUNEL and F4/80 staining, respectively. Body composition was assessed by DEXA, serum cytokines measured using multiplex, and Akt/mTOR signaling assessed by Western.

Results:

Caloric intake was higher in the NCKD group, resulting in elevated body weights at 6 months of age, relative to the WD group (45 g vs 38g; P=0.008). Despite elevated body weights, serum monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-1α levels were lower in NCKD versus WD mice (P=0.046 and P=0.118, respectively), and macrophage infiltration was reduced in prostates of NCKD versus WD mice (P=0.028). Relative Akt phosphorylation and phospho-S6 ribosomal protein levels were reduced in prostates of NCKD versus WD mice. However, while mice randomized to NCKD had smaller prostates after adjustment for body weight at 3 and 6 months (P=0.004 and P=0.002, respectively), NCKD mice had higher rates of adenocarcinoma at 6 months compared to WD mice (100 vs 80%, P=0.04).

Conclusions:

Despite higher caloric intake and elevated body weights, carbohydrate restriction lowered serum MCP-1 levels, reduced prostate macrophage infiltration, reduced prostate weight, but failed to slow adenocarcinoma development. Together, these data suggest that although carbohydrate restriction within the context of obesity may reduce obesity-associated systemic inflammation and perhaps slow tumor growth, it is not sufficient to counteract obesity-associated tumor development.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to acknowledge the following individuals for their help and important contributions to this study: Yulin Zhao, Traci Reddick, Julie Kent, Bentley Midkiff. This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute [1-R01-CA131235-01A1 (SJ Freedland), 1K24CA160653 (SJ Freedland), 3R01CA125618 (E Macias) and 5R25-CA126938-03 (EH Allott)], the American Institute for Cancer Research (EH Allott) and The Prostate Cancer Foundation (E Macias).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    E H Allott & S D Hursting

  2. Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    E Macias, S Sanders & S J Freedland

  3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    B S Knudsen

  4. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    G V Thomas

  5. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    G V Thomas

  6. Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    S J Freedland

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  1. E H Allott
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Correspondence to S J Freedland.

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Allott, E., Macias, E., Sanders, S. et al. Impact of carbohydrate restriction in the context of obesity on prostate tumor growth in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 20, 165–171 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2016.73

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