Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review
  • Published:

AST-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer: exercise as a potential countermeasure

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases volume 15, pages 329–338 (2012)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Androgen suppression treatment (AST) for men with prostate cancer is associated with a number of treatment-related side effects including an accelerated rate of bone loss. This loss of bone is greatest within the first year of AST and increases the risk for fracture. Pharmaceutical treatment in the form of bisphosphonates is currently used to counter the effects of hormone suppression on bone but is costly and associated with potential adverse effects. Recently, exercise has been shown to be an important adjuvant therapy to manage a range of treatment-related toxicities and enhance aspects of quality of life for men receiving AST. We propose that physical exercise may also have an important role in not only attenuating the bone loss associated with AST but in improving bone health and reducing fracture risk. In this review, the rationale underlying exercise as a countermeasure to AST-induced bone loss is provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Orihuela E, Goodwin JS . Increasing use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for the treatment of localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 103: 1615–1624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Galvao DA, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Newton RU . Cardiovascular and metabolic complications during androgen deprivation: exercise as a potential countermeasure. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009; 12: 233–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Levine GN, D′Amico AV, Berger P, Clark PE, Eckel RH, Keating NL et al. Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60: 194–201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Saylor PJ, Smith MR . Metabolic complications of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol 2009; 181: 1998–2006; discussion 7–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Rashid MH, Chaudhary UB . Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Oncologist 2004; 9: 295–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Galvao DA, Spry NA, Taaffe DR, Newton RU, Stanley J, Shannon T et al. Changes in muscle, fat and bone mass after 36 weeks of maximal androgen blockade for prostate cancer. BJU Int 2008; 102: 44–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Taylor LG, Canfield SE, Du XL . Review of major adverse effects of androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Cancer 2009; 115: 2388–2399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Smith MR . Changes in fat and lean body mass during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Urology 2004; 63: 742–745.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Berruti A, Dogliotti L, Terrone C, Cerutti S, Isaia G, Tarabuzzi R et al. Changes in bone mineral density, lean body mass and fat content as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in patients with prostate cancer without apparent bone metastases given androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 2002; 167: 2361–2367; discussion 7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Haseen F, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR, O′Sullivan JM, Cantwell MM . The effect of androgen deprivation therapy on body composition in men with prostate cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv 2010; 4: 128–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Galvao DA, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Turner D, Newton RU . Reduced muscle strength and functional performance in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen suppression: a comprehensive cross-sectional investigation. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009; 12: 198–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Smith MR . Osteoporosis and other adverse body composition changes during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002; 21: 159–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS . Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 154–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Greenspan SL, Coates P, Sereika SM, Nelson JB, Trump DL, Resnick NM . Bone loss after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 6410–6417.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Daniell HW . Osteoporosis due to androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 58 (2 Suppl 1): 101–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Daniell HW, Dunn SR, Ferguson DW, Lomas G, Niazi Z, Stratte PT . Progressive osteoporosis during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol 2000; 163: 181–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bong GW, Clarke Jr HS, Hancock WC, Keane TE . Serum testosterone recovery after cessation of long-term luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist in patients with prostate cancer. Urology 2008; 71: 1177–1180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Saylor PJ, Lee RJ, Smith MR . Emerging therapies to prevent skeletal morbidity in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 3705–3714.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Saylor PJ, Smith MR . Bone health and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010; 13: 20–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Polascik TJ . Bone health in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: the role of bisphosphonates. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2008; 11: 13–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Galvao DA, Nosaka K, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Kristjanson LJ, McGuigan MR et al. Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 2045–2052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Galvao DA, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Newton RU . Combined resistance and aerobic exercise program reverses muscle loss in men undergoing androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer without bone metastases: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 340–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Malone SC, Parliament MB, Scott CG et al. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1653–1659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Galvao DA, Newton RU, Taaffe DR, Spry N . Can exercise ameliorate the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes associated with ADT? Nat Clin Pract Urol 2008; 5: 306–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy, March 7–29, highlights of the conference. South Med J 2001; 94: 569–573.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Johansson H, Oden A, Kanis J, McCloskey E, Lorentzon M, Ljunggren O et al. Low bone mineral density is associated with increased mortality in elderly men: MrOS Sweden. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22: 1411–1418.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Higano C, Shields A, Wood N, Brown J, Tangen C . Bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer without bone metastases treated with intermittent androgen suppression. Urology 2004; 64: 1182–1186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Smith MR, Goode M, Zietman AL, McGovern FJ, Lee H, Finkelstein JS . Bicalutamide monotherapy versus leuprolide monotherapy for prostate cancer: effects on bone mineral density and body composition. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2546–2553.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Morote J, Orsola A, Abascal JM, Planas J, Trilla E, Raventos CX et al. Bone mineral density changes in patients with prostate cancer during the first 2 years of androgen suppression. J Urol 2006; 175: 1679–1683; discussion 83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bergstrom I, Gustafsson H, Sjoberg K, Arver S . Changes in bone mineral density differ between gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue- and surgically castrated men with prostate cancer - a prospective, controlled, parallel-group study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2004; 38: 148–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Preston DM, Torrens JI, Harding P, Howard RS, Duncan WE, McLeod DG . Androgen deprivation in men with prostate cancer is associated with an increased rate of bone loss. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2002; 5: 304–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Diamond TH, Higano CS, Smith MR, Guise TA, Singer FR . Osteoporosis in men with prostate carcinoma receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: recommendations for diagnosis and therapies. Cancer 2004; 100: 892–899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Morote J, Morin JP, Orsola A, Abascal JM, Salvador C, Trilla E et al. Prevalence of osteoporosis during long-term androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Urology 2007; 69: 500–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ettinger MP . Aging bone and osteoporosis: strategies for preventing fractures in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 2237–2246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Koot VC, Peeters PH, de Jong JR, Clevers GJ, van der Werken C . Functional results after treatment of hip fracture: a multicentre, prospective study in 215 patients. Eur J Surg 2000; 166: 480–485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Smith MR, Lee WC, Brandman J, Wang Q, Botteman M, Pashos CL . Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and fracture risk: a claims-based cohort study of men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7897–7903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Oefelein MG, Ricchuiti V, Conrad W, Seftel A, Bodner D, Goldman H et al. Skeletal fracture associated with androgen suppression induced osteoporosis: the clinical incidence and risk factors for patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 2001; 166: 1724–1728.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Townsend MF, Sanders WH, Northway RO, Graham Jr SD . Bone fractures associated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 79: 545–550.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hatano T, Oishi Y, Furuta A, Iwamuro S, Tashiro K . Incidence of bone fracture in patients receiving luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists for prostate cancer. BJU Int 2000; 86: 449–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Diamond TH, Bucci J, Kersley JH, Aslan P, Lynch WB, Bryant C . Osteoporosis and spinal fractures in men with prostate cancer: risk factors and effects of androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 2004; 172: 529–532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lopez AM, Pena MA, Hernandez R, Val F, Martin B, Riancho JA . Fracture risk in patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 707–711.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wilcox A, Carnes ML, Moon TD, Tobias R, Baade H, Stamos E et al. Androgen deprivation in veterans with prostate cancer: implications for skeletal health. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 2107–2114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Malcolm JB, Derweesh IH, Kincade MC, DiBlasio CJ, Lamar KD, Wake RW et al. Osteoporosis and fractures after androgen deprivation initiation for prostate cancer. Can J Urol 2007; 14: 3551–3559.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Krupski TL, Smith MR, Lee WC, Pashos CL, Brandman J, Wang Q et al. Natural history of bone complications in men with prostate carcinoma initiating androgen deprivation therapy. Cancer 2004; 101: 541–549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Alibhai SM, Duong-Hua M, Cheung AM, Sutradhar R, Warde P, Fleshner NE et al. Fracture types and risk factors in men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy: a matched cohort study of 19,079 men. J Urol 2010; 184: 918–923.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Melton III LJ, Alothman KI, Khosla S, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Zincke H . Fracture risk following bilateral orchiectomy. J Urol 2003; 169: 1747–1750.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Guise TA, Oefelein MG, Eastham JA, Cookson MS, Higano CS, Smith MR . Estrogenic side effects of androgen deprivation therapy. Rev Urol 2007; 9: 163–180.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Clarke BL, Khosla S . Androgens and bone. Steroids 2009; 74: 296–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hamilton EJ, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Gianatti E, Lim-Joon D, Bolton D, Zebaze R et al. Structural decay of bone microarchitecture in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: E456–E463.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Vanderschueren D, Vandenput L, Boonen S, Lindberg MK, Bouillon R, Ohlsson C . Androgens and bone. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 389–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lee H, McGovern K, Finkelstein JS, Smith MR . Changes in bone mineral density and body composition during initial and long-term gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 104: 1633–1637.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Snow-Harter C, Bouxsein M, Lewis B, Charette S, Weinstein P, Marcus R . Muscle strength as a predictor of bone mineral density in young women. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 589–595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Glynn NW, Meilahn EN, Charron M, Anderson SJ, Kuller LH, Cauley JA . Determinants of bone mineral density in older men. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 1769–1777.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Amin S, Zhang Y, Felson DT, Sawin CT, Hannan MT, Wilson PW et al. Estradiol, testosterone, and the risk for hip fractures in elderly men from the Framingham Study. Am J Med 2006; 119: 426–433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Freedland SJ, Eastham J, Shore N . Androgen deprivation therapy and estrogen deficiency induced adverse effects in the treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009; 12: 333–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Eakin EG, Youlden DR, Baade PD, Lawler SP, Reeves MM, Heyworth JS et al. Health behaviors of cancer survivors: data from an Australian population-based survey. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18: 881–894.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lanyon LE . Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone. Bone 1996; 18 (1 Suppl): 37S–43S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Taaffe DR . Sarcopenia—exercise as a treatment strategy. Aust Fam Physician 2006; 35: 130–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Newman AB, Simonsick EM, Naydeck BL, Boudreau RM, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt MC et al. Association of long-distance corridor walk performance with mortality, cardiovascular disease, mobility limitation, and disability. JAMA 2006; 295: 2018–2026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bylow K, Dale W, Mustian K, Stadler WM, Rodin M, Hall W et al. Falls and physical performance deficits in older patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Urology 2008; 72: 422–427.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Galvao DA, Pinto BM et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 1409–1426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Moreland J, Richardson J, Chan DH, O′Neill J, Bellissimo A, Grum RM et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the secondary prevention of falls in older adults. Gerontology 2003; 49: 93–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Guadalupe-Grau A, Fuentes T, Guerra B, Calbet JA . Exercise and bone mass in adults. Sports Med 2009; 39: 439–468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fuchs RK, Bauer JJ, Snow CM . Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 148–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mackelvie KJ, McKay HA, Khan KM, Crocker PR . A school-based exercise intervention augments bone mineral accrual in early pubertal girls. J Pediatr 2001; 139: 501–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. McKay HA, Petit MA, Schutz RW, Prior JC, Barr SI, Khan KM . Augmented trochanteric bone mineral density after modified physical education classes: a randomized school-based exercise intervention study in prepubescent and early pubescent children. J Pediatr 2000; 136: 156–162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Huuskonen J, Vaisanen SB, Kroger H, Jurvelin JS, Alhava E, Rauramaa R . Regular physical exercise and bone mineral density: a four-year controlled randomized trial in middle-aged men. The DNASCO study. Osteoporos Int 2001; 12: 349–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Martyn-St James M, Carroll S . Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Bone 2008; 43: 521–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Palombaro KM . Effects of walking-only interventions on bone mineral density at various skeletal sites: a meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2005; 28: 102–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Borer KT . Physical activity in the prevention and amelioration of osteoporosis in women: interaction of mechanical, hormonal and dietary factors. Sports Med 2005; 35: 779–830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Nikander R, Gagnon C, Dunstan DW, Magliano DJ, Ebeling PR, Lu ZX et al. Frequent walking, but not total physical activity, is associated with increased fracture incidence: a 5-year follow-up of an Australian population-based prospective study (AusDiab). J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 1638–1647.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hurley BF, Hanson ED, Sheaff AK . Strength training as a countermeasure to aging muscle and chronic disease. Sports Med 2011; 41: 289–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Taaffe DR, Cauley JA, Danielson M, Nevitt MC, Lang TF, Bauer DC et al. Race and sex effects on the association between muscle strength, soft tissue, and bone mineral density in healthy elders: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 1343–1352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Peterson SE, Peterson MD, Raymond G, Gilligan C, Checovich MM, Smith EL . Muscular strength and bone density with weight training in middle-aged women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 499–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Karlsson MK, Johnell O, Obrant KJ . Bone mineral density in weight lifters. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52: 212–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Suominen H . Muscle training for bone strength. Aging - Clin Exp Res 2006; 18: 85–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Vincent KR, Braith RW . Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 17–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR . Physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exercise 2004; 36: 1985–1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Maddalozzo GF, Snow CM . High intensity resistance training: effects on bone in older men and women. Calcif Tissue Int 2000; 66: 399–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Menkes A, Mazel S, Redmond RA, Koffler K, Libanati CR, Gundberg CM et al. Strength training increases regional bone mineral density and bone remodeling in middle-aged and older men. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 2478–2484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, Trice I, Greenberg RA, Evans WJ . Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1994; 272: 1909–1914.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kerr D, Morton A, Dick I, Prince R . Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 218–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, Morton A, Prince R . Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 175–181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Newton RU, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Gardiner RA, Levin G, Wall B et al. A phase III clinical trial of exercise modalities on treatment side-effects in men receiving therapy for prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Taaffe DR, Robinson TL, Snow CM, Marcus R . High-impact exercise promotes bone gain in well-trained female athletes. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12: 255–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Taaffe DR, Snow-Harter C, Connolly DA, Robinson TL, Brown MD, Marcus R . Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 586–593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Heinonen A, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Oja P, Pasanen M, Rinne M et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of high-impact exercise on selected risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 1996; 348: 1343–1347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cheng S, Sipila S, Taaffe DR, Puolakka J, Suominen H . Change in bone mass distribution induced by hormone replacement therapy and high-impact physical exercise in post-menopausal women. Bone 2002; 31: 126–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kukuljan S, Nowson CA, Bass SL, Sanders K, Nicholson GC, Seibel MJ et al. Effects of a multi-component exercise program and calcium-vitamin-D3-fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20: 1241–1251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Erickson CR, Vukovich MD . Osteogenic index and changes in bone markers during a jump training program: a pilot study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 1485–1492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bassey EJ, Rothwell MC, Littlewood JJ, Pye DW . Pre- and postmenopausal women have different bone mineral density responses to the same high-impact exercise. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13: 1805–1813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kato T, Terashima T, Yamashita T, Hatanaka Y, Honda A, Umemura Y . Effect of low-repetition jump training on bone mineral density in young women. J of Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 839–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Bailey CA, Brooke-Wavell K . Optimum frequency of exercise for bone health: randomised controlled trial of a high-impact unilateral intervention. Bone 2010; 46: 1043–1049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Welsh L, Rutherford OM . Hip bone mineral density is improved by high-impact aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women and men over 50 years. Euro J Appl Physiol Occupation Physiol 1996; 74: 511–517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Winters-Stone KM, Dobek J, Nail L, Bennett JA, Leo MC, Naik A et al. Strength training stops bone loss and builds muscle in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized, controlled trial. Breast cancer Res Tr 2011; 127: 447–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Saarto T, Sievanen H, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P, Nikander R, Vehmanen L, Huovinen R et al. Effect of supervised and home exercise training on bone mineral density among breast cancer patients. A 12-month randomised controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23: 1601–1612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Martyn-St James M, Carroll S . A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43: 898–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ et al. American college of sports medicine position stand exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1510–1530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Oefelein MG, Ricchiuti V, Conrad W, Resnick MI . Skeletal fractures negatively correlate with overall survival in men with prostate cancer. J Urol 2002; 168: 1005–1007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Barry MJ, Gallagher PM, Skinner JS, Fowler Jr FJ . Adverse effects of robotic-assisted laparoscopic versus open retropubic radical prostatectomy among a nationwide random sample of medicare-age men. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 513–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Pilepich MV, Caplan R, Byhardt RW, Lawton CA, Gallagher MJ, Mesic JB et al. Phase III trial of androgen suppression using goserelin in unfavorable-prognosis carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive radiotherapy: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 85-31. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1013–1021.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    K A Bolam & D R Taaffe

  2. Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia

    D A Galvão

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia

    N Spry

  4. School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia

    R U Newton

  5. School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia

    D R Taaffe

Authors
  1. K A Bolam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D A Galvão
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N Spry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R U Newton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D R Taaffe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K A Bolam.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bolam, K., Galvão, D., Spry, N. et al. AST-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer: exercise as a potential countermeasure. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 15, 329–338 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2012.22

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2012.22

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links