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Coordinated regulation of XPA stability by ATR and HERC2 during nucleotide excision repair

Oncogene volume 33, pages 19–25 (2014)Cite this article

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Abstract

ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) is an essential regulator of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) mechanism. For NER activation, ATR phosphorylates XPA, the rate-limiting factor in the NER pathway. However, the role of XPA phosphorylation at serine 196 by ATR has been elusive. Here we show that ATR-mediated XPA phosphorylation enhances XPA stability by inhibiting HERC2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. We analyzed stabilization of XPA with substitutions of Ser 196 either to aspartate (S196D), a phosphomimetic mutation, or to alanine (S196A), a phosphodeficient mutation. Upon ultraviolet damage, ATR facilitated HERC2 dissociation from the XPA complex to induce XPA stabilization. However, this regulation was abrogated in S196A-complemented XPA-deficient cells due to persistent association of HERC2 with this XPA complex, resulting in enhanced ubiquitination of S196A. Conversely, the S196D substitution showed delayed degradation kinetics compared with the wild-type and less binding with HERC2, resulting in reduced ubiquitination of S196D. We also found that XPA phosphorylation enhanced the chromatin retention of XPA, the interaction with its binding partners following DNA damage. Taken together, our study presents a novel control mechanism in the NER pathway by regulating the steady-state level of XPA through posttranslational modifications by which ATR-mediated phosphorylation induces XPA stabilization by antagonizing HERC2-catalyzed XPA ubiquitination.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) (2011-0013804 and 2012-0003981). This study was also supported by 2011 Collaborative research Program of Nuclear Medical Sciences through the Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences funded by the MEST and Busan Metropolitan city (2011-0593).

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  1. T-H Lee and J-M Park: These authors contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea

    T-H Lee, J-M Park, S-H Leem & T-H Kang

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  1. T-H Lee
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Correspondence to T-H Kang.

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Lee, TH., Park, JM., Leem, SH. et al. Coordinated regulation of XPA stability by ATR and HERC2 during nucleotide excision repair. Oncogene 33, 19–25 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2012.539

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