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The evolutionary capacitor HSP90 buffers the regulatory effects of mammalian endogenous retroviruses

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology volume 24, pages 234–242 (2017)Cite this article

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Abstract

Understanding how genotypes are linked to phenotypes is important in biomedical and evolutionary studies. The chaperone heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) buffers genetic variation by stabilizing proteins with variant sequences, thereby uncoupling phenotypes from genotypes. Here we report an unexpected role of HSP90 in buffering cis-regulatory variation affecting gene expression. By using the tripartite-motif-containing 28 (TRIM28; also known as KAP1)-mediated epigenetic pathway, HSP90 represses the regulatory influence of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) on neighboring genes that are critical for mouse development. Our data based on natural variations in the mouse genome show that genes respond to HSP90 inhibition in a manner dependent on their genomic location with regard to strain-specific ERV-insertion sites. The evolutionary-capacitor function of HSP90 may thus have facilitated the exaptation of ERVs as key modifiers of gene expression and morphological diversification. Our findings add a new regulatory layer through which HSP90 uncouples phenotypic outcomes from individual genotypes.

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Figure 1: HSP90 inhibition causes misregulation of TEs in different mouse cell types.
Figure 2: HSP90 inhibition affects expression of genes in the vicinity of ERVs.
Figure 3: HSP90 represses cell-type-specific genes and ERVs through the KAP1–SETDB1 pathway.
Figure 4: Genetic variation caused by preexisting ERV insertions is buffered by HSP90.
Figure 5: The role of HSP90 and stress in genotype–phenotype mapping through buffering gene-expression variation caused by ERVs.

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Acknowledgements

We thank A. Akhtar, U. Bönisch, T. Jenuwein, T. Lämmermann, T. Manke and E. Trompouki (Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics) for valuable input, cells and reagents; and E. Heard (Institut Curie, France), D. Trono (EPFL), G. Chiosis (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center) and D. Schübeler (FMI) for kindly providing cells and reagents. We are grateful to R. Rebollo for insightful discussions. This work was financially supported by the Max Planck Society, German Research Foundation (DFG) through the collaborative research center 'Medical Epigenetics' and the Ambizione grant from the Swiss National Foundation (R.S.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany

    Barbara Hummel, Barbara Hummel, Erik C Hansen, Erik C Hansen, Aneliya Yoveva, Aneliya Yoveva, Fernando Aprile-Garcia, Fernando Aprile-Garcia, Rebecca Hussong, Rebecca Hussong, Ritwick Sawarkar & Ritwick Sawarkar

  2. Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Barbara Hummel & Aneliya Yoveva

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  1. Barbara Hummel
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  2. Erik C Hansen
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R.S. conceived the project; B.H. and R.S. designed the study; all authors performed experiments and interpreted the results; B.H. and R.S. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors.

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Correspondence to Ritwick Sawarkar.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Effect of HSP90 inhibition on expression of endogenous retroviruses.

(a) Inducible shRNA-mediated Hsp90 silencing in mouse ESCs. Immunoblots of total cell extract expressing the indicated constructs are shown. Two independent cell clones were analyzed. (b-f) A genome browser snapshot of genomic loci with indicated ERVs. RNAseq read counts under control and HSP90 inhibition conditions are plotted on the Y-axis. Mouse genomic co-ordinates from the genome build mm10 are as follows: (b) chr16: 57,805,060-57,812,042; (c) chr3: 35,413,307-35,419,237; (d) chr9:25,854,570-25,864,259. (e) chr3: 26,346,706-26,354,408; (f) chr13: 98,985,649-98,996,505. (g) The effect of HSP90 inhibition on expression of TEs in indicated cell types. The numbers of up- and down-regulated TEs (absolute fold change >2, adjusted p-value < 0.01) as annotated by RepeatMasker are indicated. (h) The effect of heat shock and two different HSP90 inhibitor concentrations (50nM and 75nM) on the expression of heat shock genes in ESCs. The same two HSP90 inhibitor concentrations were used to test the expression changes of IAPEz and MERV-L in ESCs. Fold change is shown as a mean of three independent cell-culture replicates (± SEM).

Supplementary Figure 2 Expression of genes close to ERVs is affected by HSP90 inhibition.

(a) HSP90 inhibition-induced changes in expression of genes located within 200kb region around ERV insertions in NPCs. The analyzed subtypes of ERVs are shown in different colors as indicated. (b) A table showing the fold change in three selected ERVs upon HSP90 inhibition, the number of genes adjacent to these ERVs and the mean/median distance between ERVs and adjacent genes. (c,d) HSP90 inhibition-induced changes in expression of all genes in the genome (black box) in comparison with genes close to IAPEz (blue boxes in c) and close to MERVL (red boxes in d) either closer or more distant than 25kb to the closest ERV type in ESCs. Consistent with previous observations (Fig. 2a), the effect of Hsp90 inhibition on gene expression of adjacent genes trails-off with distance. (e,f) Cumulative distributions of the distance between genes and adjacent IAPEz (e) or MERVL(f). Almost 60% of the adjacent genes are within 25kB of ERV. (g) Sashimi plot of a chimeric transcript originating in an adjacent MT2B2 LTR region and continuing transcription in the Ei24 gene region. (h-k) Validation of two chimeric transcripts, Clvs1 and Rimklb, by quantitative PCR (h,i) and PCR (j,k). For qPCR, fold change is shown as a mean of three independent cell-culture replicates (± SEM).

Supplementary Figure 3 Cell-type-specific genes are misregulated after HSP90 inhibition.

(a,b) Highly tissue-specific genes are ectopically activated in NPCs (a) and macrophages (b) upon HSP90 inhibition due to their neighborhood to ERVs. The heat maps were generated using RNAseq data from ENCODE detailing gene expression patterns in each of the individual mouse tissues. (c,d) Genes in (a) and (b) respectively are clustered together by common gene ontology terms as depicted.

Supplementary Figure 4 Comparison of genes upregulated in SETDB1 KO, KAP1 KO and HSP90 inhibition.

(a) A venn diagram comparing genes upregulated in KAP1 KO and SETDB1 KO. Genes that are upregulated in both KOs or only one of the two KOs were then compared with genes upregulated upon HSP90 inhibition (bottom). The P-value estimated by the hypergeometric test is shown. (b,c) HSP90 inhibition affects expression of genes in the vicinity of ERVs similar to KAP1 KO and SETDB1 KO. Changes in expression of genes located within 200kb region around ERV insertions in ESCs upon KAP1 KO (b) and SETDB1 KO (c). The analyzed subtypes of ERVs are shown in different colors as indicated. (d) A Sashimi plot of the indicated locus showing chimeric reads between an ERV and an adjacent gene (co-ordinates correspond to genome build mm10). The number of chimeric reads increases upon HSP90 inhibition, and upon KAP1 deletion, buttressing the claim that HSP90 and KAP1 act in the same pathway.

Supplementary Figure 5 HSP90 inhibition upregulates genes adjacent to ERVs that are repressed by KAP1-mediated H3K9me3 and SETDB1.

(a,b) A genome browser view of two loci showing an ERV and an adjacent gene, with ChIPseq and RNAseq profiles from mouse ES cells with indicated treatments and genotypes. The indicated coordinates correspond to mouse genome build mm10. At both loci, the ERV (IAPEz, green) is bound by KAP1 and shows the repressive mark H3K9me3 (brown box). The repressive mark is KAP1-dependent as the ChIPseq signal of H3K9me3 is reduced in KAP1 deletion. The adjacent gene is de-repressed in HSP90 inhibition, KAP1 deletion and for (b) also in SETDB1 deletion (RNAseq profiles in green and red).

Supplementary Figure 6 H3K9me3 and KAP1 occupancy at HSP90-target ERVs and the effect of stress on ERV transcription

(a) ChIP-qPCR for HSP90 in ESCs. Enrichment is shown as the mean (± SEM). (b) ChIP-qPCR for Kap1 and H3K9me3 in control ESCs and ESCs treated with HSP90 inhibitor. Enrichment is shown as the mean of three independent cell-culture replicates (± SEM) relative to control conditions. The red dotted line indicates the signal intensity in cells not treated with HSP90 inhibitor (c,d) Effect of Kap1 knock-out on H3K9me3 modification at and around HSP90-targeted ERVs, namely IAPEz (c) and MERV-L (d). (e) Experimental design to study the effect of HSP90 inhibition on genes with different strain-specific upstream ERV elements. All genes tested have an ERV either in 129S1 or CASTEiJ strain or both, but no ERV in C57BL6. Effect of HSP90 inhibitor on gene expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Fold Change is shown as a mean of three independent cell-culture experiments (± SEM). (f) Different conditions mimicking environmental stresses upregulate IAPEz and MERV-L in ESC as shown by quantitative PCR. Fold change is shown as means of three independent cell-culture experiments (±SEM).

Supplementary information

Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Figures 1–6 (PDF 1141 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

Gene Ontology Analysis of misregulated genes upon HSP90 inhibition (XLSX 401 kb)

Supplementary Table 2

List of fold changes for all repetitive elements upon HSP90 inhibition (XLSX 549 kb)

Supplementary Table 3

List of differentially expressed genes upon HSP90 inhibition and their fold changes upon Kap1 knock-out and Setdb1 knock-out (XLSX 1712 kb)

Supplementary Table 4

Chimeric transcripts in embryonic stem cells upon HSP90 inhibition, Kap1 knock-out and Setdb1 knock-out (XLSX 19 kb)

Supplementary Table 5

Primer sequences used for PCR, RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR (XLSX 12 kb)

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Hummel, B., Hansen, E., Yoveva, A. et al. The evolutionary capacitor HSP90 buffers the regulatory effects of mammalian endogenous retroviruses. Nat Struct Mol Biol 24, 234–242 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.3368

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