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The bicoid mRNA localization factor Exuperantia is an RNA-binding pseudonuclease

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology volume 23, pages 705–713 (2016)Cite this article

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Abstract

Anterior patterning in Drosophila is mediated by the localization of bicoid (bcd) mRNA at the anterior pole of the oocyte. Exuperantia (Exu) is a putative exonuclease (EXO) associated with bcd and required for its localization. We present the crystal structure of Exu, which reveals a dimeric assembly with each monomer consisting of a 3′-5′ EXO-like domain and a sterile alpha motif (SAM)-like domain. The catalytic site is degenerate and inactive. Instead, the EXO-like domain mediates dimerization and RNA binding. We show that Exu binds RNA directly in vitro, that the SAM-like domain is required for RNA binding activity and that Exu binds a structured element present in the bcd 3′ untranslated region with high affinity. Through structure-guided mutagenesis, we show that Exu dimerization is essential for bcd localization. Our data demonstrate that Exu is a noncanonical RNA-binding protein with EXO-SAM-like domain architecture that interacts with its target RNA as a homodimer.

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Figure 1: Structure of the Exu dimer and constructs used.
Figure 2: The EXO-like domain of Exu lacks residues required for exonuclease activity.
Figure 3: Conserved residues mediate Exu dimerization.
Figure 4: Surface properties of the Exu dimer.
Figure 5: Multiple residues on the Exu surface are involved in RNA binding.
Figure 6: Specificity of Exu binding to the RNA.
Figure 7: Drosophila phenotypes and bicoid localization.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the MPI-Martinsried Crystallization Facility. We also thank the staff at the Swiss Light Source synchrotron for assistance during data collection, S. Grüner, E. Khazina and V. Ahl for assistance with MALLS measurements, and D. Hildebrand and N. Weiss for assistance with antibody production. We thank A. Cook, E. Lorentzen and E. Conti for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript. This project received funding from the Max Planck Gesellschaft, the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), ERC grant agreement no. 310957 and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB860 to K.K. and H.U., and BO3588/2-1 to F.B.).

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Author notes

  1. Katharina Veith & Katharina Kramer

    Present address: Present addresses: Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (K.V.) and Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany (K.K.).,

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany

    Daniela Lazzaretti, Katharina Veith, Uwe Irion & Fulvia Bono

  2. Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany

    Katharina Kramer & Henning Urlaub

  3. Bioanalytics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Katharina Kramer & Henning Urlaub

  4. Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany

    Claire Basquin

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Contributions

Biochemical, biophysical and crystallization work was performed by D.L. and K.V.; fly work was performed by D.L. and U.I.; K.K. and H.U. carried out the MS analysis; D.L. and C.B. analyzed FA data; F.B. solved the structures and supervised the project. F.B., D.L. and U.I. wrote the paper.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Alignment of Exu homologs.

Sequences used to generate the alignment include: [Insecta, order Diptera] D. melanogaster (Dme), D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. yakuba, D. erecta, D. ananassae, D. virilis, D. mojavensis, D. willistoni, D. pseudoobscura pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, D. grimshawi, D. miranda, D. affinis, B. cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, C. capitata, M. domestica (Mdo), A. gambiae (Aga), A. sinensis, A. darlingi, C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti; [Lepidoptera] B. mori (Bmo), D. plexippus, P. aegeria; [Coleoptera] D. ponderosae, T. castaneum (Tca); [Phthiraptera] P. humanus corporis; [Isoptera] Z. nevadensis (Zne), M. rotundata; [Hymenoptera] B. terrestris, B. impatiens, A. mellifera (Ame), A. florea, N. vitripennis, M. demolitor (Mde), S. invicta (Sin), C. biroi, C. floridanus, A. echinatior, H. saltator; [Hemiptera] A. pisum (Api), D. citri, R. pedestris (Rpe); [Crustacea] D. pulex (Dpu); [Mollusca] C. gigas (Cgi); [Chordata] D. rerio (Dre). Numbering refers to the Dme sequence. Only the suborder Cyclorrapha (Diptera) has a Bicoid gene.

The secondary structure of Dme Exu333 and Exu406 is schematized above the alignment (red arrows: β-sheets; helices: α-helices; residues not ordered in the structure are shown as dotted lines; gaps indicate regions for which no structural information is available). Residues involved in Dme Exu dimerization: empty red arrows; residues confirmed by mutagenesis: filled red arrows; conserved residues are highlighted in red. Non conserved loop1 is framed by a orange box; the corresponding residues in Bmo Exu (used to replace the loop in the Exu406 construct used for crystallization), are highlighted in the same color. Catalytic residues in the exonuclease domain: empty blue arrows; mutated residues: filled blue arrows; conserved catalytic residues are highlighted in blue. Residues cross-linked to RNA: empty green circles; Arg339: filled green arrow. Black arrows indicate the boundaries of the Exu333, Exu406 and Exu410 constructs. The phosphorylation sites identified in Dme Exu (Riechmann and Ephrussi, Development. 131, 5897-5907, 2004) are marked by asterisks. The β-hairpin insertion is shaded in grey; the linker between the Exo-like and the SAM-like domains in light teal; the helices of the SAM-like domain in light red. The alignment was generated with MUSCLE (Edgar, Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 1792-1797, 2004), visualized with ESPript (Robert and Gouet, Nucleic Acids Res. 42, W320-W324, 2014) and edited in Adobe Illustrator.

Supplementary Figure 2 Structural homologs of the Exu SAM-like domain.

a) Cartoon representation of Exu406 (left) and of Exu SAM-like domain structure (aa 321-397; right). b) A structural similarity search in PDBeFold (Krissinel and Henrick, Acta Cryst. D60, 2256-2268, 2004) with Exu SAM-like domain outputs the sterile alpha motif (SAM), with Z-score = 4.4, and the C-terminal domain of RNA polimerase alpha, with Z-score = 4.2. c) Yeast Vts1p is a homolog of the Drosophila protein Smaug, and also contains a SAM domain which is involved in RNA binding (see also Supplementary Fig. 5). All structures in b) and c) belong to the SAM domain-like fold (SCOP 47768). Structural alignment was done with cealign in Pymol (v 1.7.6.0).

Supplementary Figure 3 Comparison of DEDD exo- and pseudonucleases.

a) Structure-based sequence alignment of the EXO and EXO-like domains of Drosophila Exu (Exu_Dm) and of structurally similar 3'-5' DEDD exonucleases, mouse Trex1 (Trex1_Mm) and E. coli RNaseT (RNaseT_Ec). Secondary structure elements are shown above the sequences, in red for Exu and in dark gray for Trex1. Conserved residues are highlighted in dark gray. Blue boxes indicate EXO signature motifs, while signature catalytic residues are marked in red. Brackets indicate protein-specific insertions that are hidden for clarity. The positions of Exu β-hairpin insertion, loop1 and linker are indicated. For each protein, residues involved in homodimerization are highlighted in light blue.

b-e) Cartoon (left) and surface (middle and right) representation of the indicated protein structures. Exu333 (b) and Trex1 (d) are in the same orientation as in Fig. 2a, b. Residues in the (pseudo-)catalytic site are shown as sticks; ions (Zn2+ in (c) and Mn2+ in (d)) are represented as spheres. Protein-specific features are highlighted in red: linker helix and β-hairpin insertion in Exu (b); Zn2+ coordinating extension in Maelstrom (Mael) (c). Surface is colored according to the electrostatic charge, with the (pseudo)-catalytic site boxed in yellow. Structural alignment was done with cealign in Pymol (v 1.7.6.0). Scale of electrostatic charge distribution is the same for all domains (-5 to +5 kT/e).

Supplementary Figure 4 Quality of the electron density.

Stereo view of the electrondensity of the 2Fo-DFc maps for Exu333 (a) and Exu406 (b) structures after refinement. The structures are shown in similar views as in Fig. 2d and Fig. 3b, respectively. Monomer A is colored red, monomer B gray, the electrondensity visualized as a teal mesh contoured at 1σ. Water molecules are represented as light blue spheres.

Supplementary Figure 5 Exu and Vts1p SAM domains use different surfaces for RNA binding.

a-b) Surface rendering of electrostatic charges of Exu SAM-like (a) and yeast Vts1p (b; PDB 2B6G, chain A) domain structure (see also Supplementary Fig. 2). a) Exu residues cross-linking with RNA (Fig. 5) are underlined. b) Vts1p residues shown to interact directly with the RNA (Aviv et al., NSMB 13, 168-176, 2006; Johnson and Donaldson, NSMB 13, 177-178, 2006; Oberstrass et al., NSMB 13, 160-167, 2006) are indicated. Structural alignment was done with cealign in Pymol (v 1.7.6.0). Scale of electrostatic charge distribution is the same for all domains (-5 to +5 kT/e).

c-d, f-g) A constant amount of 5'-fluorescein labelled oligo was incubated with increasing concentrations of recombinantly purified Exu wt or mutant. The fluorescence anisotropy data were fitted to the Hill equation to obtain the dissociation constant (Kd); mean Kd and standard deviation from three independent experiments are reported in tables (d, g). c, f) Data from a representative fluorescence anisotropy measurement, with the best fit plotted as a solid line. c, d) FA measurements of SAM-like domain mutants with (U)20. f, g) Affinity of Exu for oligo(U) RNAs of increasing length. e) Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra of Exu wt and the indicated mutants.

Supplementary Figure 6 Exu can bind two RNA molecules.

a) Oligonucleotides used in this study predicted to have a secondary structure, using the mFold server (Zuker, Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3406-3415, 2003). Numbers indicate the ΔG (in kcal/mol) at 22°C.

b-e) SEC profiles of purified Exu alone (b) or pre-incubated with fluorescein-conjugated (U)20 (c), (U)50 (d) or bcd-Vb (e). The elution volume of the free RNA is marked by a dotted line. f-i) Static light scattering profiles of the samples in (b-e). For each plot, the calculated molecular weight (MW) at the peak is indicated in blue; the difference in molecular weight (Δ MW) between the Exu-RNA complex and Exu alone is indicated on the right, together with the MW of the corresponding fluorescein-conjugated oligonucleotide. RALS = Right Angle Light Scattering.

Supplementary Figure 7 Localization of Venus-tagged Exu transgenes.

a-g) Fluorescence microscopy images of fixed Drosophila egg chambers at stage 5-6 (small box) or stage 9. The localization of Venus-tagged Exu wt (a) and mutants (b-g) is shown in gray (left image); the merged images (right) show Venus-Exu in gray and Rhodamine-Phalloidin in red. h) For each genotype, at least 20 egg chambers were scored for the presence (black) or absence (white) of the following characteristics: enrichment of Venus-tagged Exu in the oocyte at early stages (1st panel from left); enrichment in sponge bodies in the nurse cells at stage 9 (2nd panel); enrichment at the anterior pole of the oocyte at stage 9 (3rd panel); enrichment at the posterior pole of the oocyte at stage 9 (4th panel). The rightmost column schematizes the localization of bcd mRNA in early embryos of the corresponding genotype (as in Fig. 7). Red lines mark the lowest percentage of egg chambers having the indicated characteristic amongst the Exu constructs which rescue bcd mRNA localization.

i-j) oskar (osk) in situ hybridization of Drosophila early embryos (0-2 h). Numbers at the top right corner indicate the number of embryos displaying the illustrated phenotype vs the total number of embryos examined. The genotype of each embryo is reported at the bottom of the image: i) wt; j) Df(2R)exu1/exuVL (Df). osk localization is not impaired in embryos lacking Exu. Scale bars: 50 μm.

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Supplementary Figures 1–7 (PDF 2851 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

UV-cross-linking and MS results (XLSX 25 kb)

Supplementary Data set 1

Original images of the blots included in Fig. 7j (PDF 3686 kb)

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Lazzaretti, D., Veith, K., Kramer, K. et al. The bicoid mRNA localization factor Exuperantia is an RNA-binding pseudonuclease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 23, 705–713 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.3254

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