Abstract
On average, every fifth residue in secretory proteins carries either a positive or a negative charge. In a bacterium such as Escherichia coli, charged residues are exposed to an electric field as they transit through the inner membrane, and this should generate a fluctuating electric force on a translocating nascent chain. Here, we have used translational arrest peptides as in vivo force sensors to measure this electric force during cotranslational chain translocation through the SecYEG translocon. We find that charged residues experience a biphasic electric force as they move across the membrane, including an early component with a maximum when they are 47–49 residues away from the ribosomal P site, followed by a more slowly varying component. The early component is generated by the transmembrane electric potential, whereas the second may reflect interactions between charged residues and the periplasmic membrane surface.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, the European Research Council (ERC-2008-AdG 232648), the Swedish Cancer Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation to G.v.H., and by a grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation to M.L.
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N.I. contributed to the study design, the experimental work and the writing of the paper. R.H. contributed to the study design, the experimental and modeling work and the writing of the paper. M.L. contributed to the modeling work and the writing of the paper. G.v.H. contributed to the study design, the modeling work and the writing of the paper.
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Integrated supplementary information
Supplementary Figure 1 Amino acid sequences of the LepB construct, the test segments and the SecM arrest-peptide variants used in this study.
(a) The amino acid sequence of the full-length LepB construct is shown with the wild type 8-residue M. succiniciproducens SecM arrest peptide (bold) and 5D test segment (bold and underlined). The two natural TM domains of LepB (TM1, TM2) are underlined. The last residue indicated by the left-facing arrow (denoted ‘R’) was fused to the first residue indicated by the right-facing arrows of downstream LepB residues to give constructs with linker lengths, L, indicated by the numbers above the arrows.
(b) Sequences of the test segments analyzed in this study. All test segments used have GG...GG flanks, except for the SG constructs which have (SG)5...(SG)5. flanks and the [6L,13A] segment which has GGPG...GPGG flanks.
(c) Sequences of SecM arrest peptide variants used. Mutations introduced into the wild type SecM arrest peptide to generate the non-functional variant (mut) and the stronger variant (Sup1) are underlined.
Supplementary Figure 2 Analysis of 10D and (SG)5-5D-(SG)5 constructs containing the SecM(Ms-Sup1) AP.
(a) fFL for the 10D constructs plotted as a function of L+n measured in the absence (black) and presence (blue) of 2 mM indole in the growth medium.
(b) Difference plots of fFL values representing the pmf-dependent component obtained by subtracting the 10D (+indole) profile from the 10D (-indole) profile.
(c) fFL for the (SG)5-5D-(SG)5 constructs plotted as a function of L+n measured in the absence (purple) and presence (blue) of 2 mM indole in the growth medium.
(d) Difference plots of fFL values representing the pmf-dependent component obtained by subtracting the (SG)5-5D-(SG)5 (+indole) profile from the (SG)5-5D-(SG)5 (-indole) profile.
Supplementary Figure 3 Characteristics of the first (i.e., PMF dependent) peak in the nD force profiles obtained with the SecM(Ms-Sup1) arrest peptide.
(a) Maximal value of the pmf-dependent peak as a function of n.
(b) Initial slope of the pmf-dependent peak as a function of n.
Supplementary Figure 4 Experimental and calculated fFL profiles for nX-SecM(Ms) and nX-SecM(Ms-Sup1) constructs.
(a) Experimental (blue) and calculated (red) fFL profiles for nX-SecM(Ms) constructs. Note that the experimental nX-SecM(Ms) profiles were not used in the parameter optimization, which only included data for the (SG)5-nX-(SG)5-SecM(Ms) constructs (see Supplementary Note).
(b) Experimental (blue) and calculated (red) fFL profiles for nX-SecM(Ms-Sup1) constructs.
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Supplementary Text and Figures
Supplementary Figures 1–4, Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Note (PDF 2247 kb)
Supplementary Data Set 1
Uncropped version of a gel with the same constructs as in Figure 1b (PDF 372 kb)
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Ismail, N., Hedman, R., Lindén, M. et al. Charge-driven dynamics of nascent-chain movement through the SecYEG translocon. Nat Struct Mol Biol 22, 145–149 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2940
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2940
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