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Structural and mechanistic insight into Holliday-junction dissolution by Topoisomerase IIIα and RMI1

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology volume 21, pages 261–268 (2014)Cite this article

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Abstract

Repair of DNA double-strand breaks via homologous recombination can produce double Holliday junctions (dHJs) that require enzymatic separation. Topoisomerase IIIα (TopIIIα) together with RMI1 disentangles the final hemicatenane intermediate obtained once dHJs have converged. How binding of RMI1 to TopIIIα influences it to behave as a hemicatenane dissolvase, rather than as an enzyme that relaxes DNA topology, is unknown. Here, we present the crystal structure of human TopIIIα complexed to the first oligonucleotide-binding domain (OB fold) of RMI1. TopIII assumes a toroidal type 1A topoisomerase fold. RMI1 attaches to the edge of the gate in TopIIIα through which DNA passes. RMI1 projects a 23-residue loop into the TopIIIα gate, thereby influencing the dynamics of its opening and closing. Our results provide a mechanistic rationale for how RMI1 stabilizes TopIIIα-gate opening to enable dissolution and illustrate how binding partners modulate topoisomerase function.

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Figure 1: Overall architecture and TopIIIα–RMI1 binding interface.
Figure 2: Catalytic site of human TopIIIα.
Figure 3: The RMI1 decatenation loop.
Figure 4: The RMI1 decatenation loop stabilizes the open Top3 and stimulates dHJ dissolution.
Figure 5: Model for the final steps of dHJ dissolution catalyzed by TopIIIα–RMI1.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Novartis Research Foundation (to N.H.T.), grants from the Krebsforschung Schweiz (KFS-2986-08-2012) (to N.H.T.), Marie Curie Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IEF 253555-TOPO) (to N.B.), European Molecular Biology Organization long-term Fellowship (EMBO ALTF 693-2009) (to N.B.) and European Research Council (to N.H.T. and I.D.H.), the Nordea Foundation (to I.D.H.), The Villum Kann Rasmussen Fund (to I.D.H.) and the US National Institutes of Health (GM-41347 and GM-62653) (to S.C.K.). We are grateful to H. Stahlberg and team for use of the EM facilities at the Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics (c-CINA). We thank S. Gasser, U. Rass, K. Shimada, J. Keusch, E. Fischer, A. Scrima, D. Hess, K. Boehm, D. Klein, H. Gut and M. Renatus for help and fruitful discussion. We would also like to thank A. Costa and colleagues at the London Research Institute for sharing results prior to publication. Part of this work was performed at beamline PXII of the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.

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  1. Petr Cejka

    Present address: Present address: Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland

    Nicolas Bocquet, Wassim Abdulrahman, Mahamadou Faty, Simone Cavadini, Richard D Bunker & Nicolas H Thomä

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Anna H Bizard, Nicolai B Larsen & Ian D Hickson

  3. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA

    Stephen C Kowalczykowski & Petr Cejka

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Contributions

N.B. carried out molecular biology, protein expression and purification, crystallization, structure determination and model refinement. R.D.B. and N.H.T. carried out final stages of model refinement and map improvements. A.H.B. performed the relaxation, catenation and decatenation assays, with contributions by W.A. and N.B., and dissolution assays. W.A. did the M13-digest assay. N.B. performed the construct design, expression and purification of human RMI1-mutant proteins for dissolution assays. P.C. provided yeast Top3 and Sgs1 proteins as well as SSB protein. S.C. carried out single-particle EM and three-dimensional model reconstruction. M.F. and N.B.L. performed yeast-strain constructions and drop-assay tests. N.B. and N.H.T. designed the project with the help of P.C., S.C.K. and I.D.H.; N.B. and N.H.T. wrote the paper with the help of the other coauthors. N.H.T. supervised the project.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Topoisomerase alignment.

Human TopIIIa is the upper sequence; 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Top3; 3. Escherichia coli Top3; 4. Escherichia coli Top1A; 5. Thermatoga maritima Top1A. The alignment has been made with T-COFFEE (http://tcoffee.vital-it.ch) and edited to show similarity percentage with a threshold set up at 3. Percentage of similarity is coloured as a gray scale, the four different levels being (from white to black): White is less than 60%, light gray is between 60 to 80%, dark gray is 80 to 99% and black is 100%.

Supplementary Figure 2 Overall conservation.

Percentage of conservation projected on the TopIIIα-RMI1 complex. Topoisomerase conservation has been calculated from the sequences in Supplementary fig.2 and RMI1 conservation from the sequences in panel b. b) RMI1 comparison between human RMI1 and several yeast Rmi1. 1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 2. Zygosaccharomyces rouxii; 3. Pichia pastoris; 4. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus; 5 . Grossmannia clavigera; 6. Colletotrichum graminicola; 7. Colletotrichum higginsanum; 8. Candida dubliniensis; 9. Schizosaccharomyces pombe; 10. Homo sapiens

Supplementary Figure 3 Biological heterodimer versus asymmetric-unit heterodimer.

a) A crystal packing diagram showing the coexistence of two TopIIIα-RMI1 interfaces. To determine which interface is biologically relevant, we performed EM and single-particle analysis of negatively stained TopIIIα-RMI complex sample used for growing crystals. b) Example of a negatively stained micrograph and individual particles marked with white squares. The scale bar corresponds to 50 nm. c) Reference-free class averages (top), reprojections of the 3D reconstruction (middle row) and reprojections of the crystal structure filtered at 30 Å resolution (bottom line) as matched by cross-correlation. d) The angular distribution for the TopIIIα-RMI reconstruction mapped on a half sphere. The size of the spot is proportional to the number of raw images contributing to the class. (e) Fourier shell correlation (FSC) showing a resolution of 34 Å calculated using the 0.5 threshold criterion (dashed lines). f) Fitting of the two interfaces (ASU interface and biological interface) found in the crystal lattice in the calculated EM map. In the alternative orientation found in the ASU the orientation and location of RMI1 does not agree with the EM envelope demonstrating that the ASU interface is not the biological interface in solution. g) Different views of the fit between the crystal structure and the calculated EM map.

Supplementary Figure 4 Topology diagram and electronic density maps.

a) dHJs dissolution assay using the crystallized boundaries (TopIIIα-RMI1)cb at the indicated concentrations, BLM 10 nM for 10 min incubation and 30 nM for 30 min incubation. RsaI Lane was used as a migration marker for the product of dHJ dissolution. The dissolution of dHJs is proportional to the (TopIIIα-RMI1) concentration and is complete after 30 min incubation. This demonstrates that the crystallized complex is a minimal dissolvasome and defines the minimal domains belonging to a functional enzymatic core. b) Topology scheme of the crystallized complex represented as secondary structure elements with the same colour code as in Figure 1. Dashed lines represent disordered regions in the crystal. c) Crystal packing. One heterodimer is represented as surface (Green for TopIIIα and red for RMI1) and corresponds to the biological unit. The close-up shows that the RMI1 decatenation loop is not involved in any crystal contacts. d,e) 2mFo-DFc omit maps contoured at 0.5σ and final refined models obtained in the Mg2+ (d) and Ca2+ (e) conditions (see Methods) represented as ribbons; TopIIIα in green with RMI1 depicted in red.

Supplementary Figure 5 GST pulldown assays.

a) Pull-down experiments; Top3 is GST N-terminally tagged and wild-type Rmi1 and rlRmi1, as used in relaxation and catenation assays, have GST N-Terminally and His C-terminally tags. Both proteins were co-expressed in High-Five cells. In the Ni2+ -NTA pull-down, Top3 is still able to interact with the rlRmi1 mutant as indicated by the presence of a Top3 band. b) M13 digest in presence of Top3-WTRmi1 and Top3-rlRmi1 complexes. Analyses were performed after 1 h and 3 h digestion. The smear shows that the initial cleavage occurring in the first step of relaxation process is not impaired by the rlRmi1 construct. c) Catenation and decatenation assays using the yeast proteins. 100 ng of pUC19 (catenation) or kDNA (decatenation) were incubated with Top3 and Sgs1 alone (lane 2 and 6), with the additon of 200 nM of GST-WTRmi1 (lane 3 and 7) or 200nM of GST-rlRmi1 (lane 4 and 8). Although GST-WTRmi1 stimulates both the pUC19 catenation (lane 2 and 3) and kDNA decatenation (lane 6 and 7) activity of Top3-Sgs1, no stimulation was observed in the presence of GST-rlRmi1 (lane 4 and 8). kDNA decatenated in the presence of Topoisomerase II (Inspiralis) was used as a migration marker for nicked and circular covalently closed (ccc) decatenation products (lane 9).

Supplementary Figure 6 Uncropped gels from Figure 4.

a) Uncropped gels corresponding to fig 4a .Yeast Top3 relaxation assay using pUC19 DNA to assess the effect of yeast Rmi1 wild-type (WT Rmi1) versus rlRmi1. b) Uncropped gels corresponding to fig 4c. Digest of single stranded M13 substrate with the different complexes. c) Uncropped gels corresponding to fig 4d. dHJs dissolution assay of a short synthetic dHJ junction, using the yeast Top3, Sgs1 and Rmi1. d) Uncropped gels corresponding to fig 4e. dHJs dissolution assay of a short synthetic dHJ junction using the human TopIIIα, BLM and RMI1.

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Bocquet, N., Bizard, A., Abdulrahman, W. et al. Structural and mechanistic insight into Holliday-junction dissolution by Topoisomerase IIIα and RMI1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 21, 261–268 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2775

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