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The non-canonical roles of clathrin and actin in pathogen internalization, egress and spread

Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 11, pages 551–560 (2013)Cite this article

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Key Points

  • Recent data have shown that many pathogens are dependent on clathrin and actin for their entry into host cells.

  • The study of pathogen entry has revealed the flexibility of clathrin to accommodate both large and small cargo.

  • Different pathogens use different adaptors to fulfil different requirements during the pathogen replication cycle.

  • It has recently emerged that clathrin functions as a scaffold for actin assembly, in the context of both pathogen infection and cell biology.

  • The use of endocytic proteins in bacterial infection is conserved, and the proteins used are similar to those used in cell–cell adhesion.

  • There are several unusual examples of the manipulation of clathrin by pathogens during egress, budding and release.

Abstract

The role of clathrin in pathogen entry has received much attention and has highlighted the adaptability of clathrin during internalization. Recent studies have now uncovered additional roles for clathrin and have put the spotlight on its role in pathogen spread. Here, we discuss the manipulation of clathrin by pathogens, with specific attention to the processes that occur at the plasma membrane. In the majority of cases, both clathrin and the actin cytoskeleton are hijacked, so we also examine the interplay between these two systems and their role during pathogen internalization, egress and spread.

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Figure 1: Stages of mammalian clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Figure 2: The conserved use of endocytic proteins by Listeria monocytogenes and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
Figure 3: Platforms for cytoskeletal rearrangements by vaccinia virus and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
Figure 4: Potential roles for the endocytic machinery during retroviral budding.

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The authors thank members of the Way laboratory for comments on the text.

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    Ashley C. Humphries & Michael Way

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Humphries, A., Way, M. The non-canonical roles of clathrin and actin in pathogen internalization, egress and spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 11, 551–560 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3072

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