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Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract

Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is bleeding that develops in the oesophagus, stomach or proximal duodenum. Peptic ulcers, caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or use of NSAIDs and low-dose aspirin (LDA), are the most common cause. Although the incidence and mortality associated with NVUGIB have been decreasing owing to considerable advances in the prevention and management of NVUGIB over the past 20 years, it remains a common clinical problem with an annual incidence of 67 per 100,000 individuals in the United States in 2012. NVUGIB is a medical emergency, and mortality is in the range 1–5%. After resuscitation and initial assessment, early (within 24 hours) diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy together with intragastric pH control with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) form the basis of treatment. With a growing ageing population treated with antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant medications, the clinical management of NVUGIB is complex as the risk between gastrointestinal bleeding events and adverse cardiovascular events needs to be balanced. The best clinical approach includes identification of risk factors and prevention of bleeding; available strategies include continuous treatment with PPIs or H. pylori eradication in those at increased risk of developing NVUGIB. Treatment with PPIs and/or use of cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs should be implemented in those patients at risk of NVUGIB who need NSAIDs and/or LDA.

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Figure 1: The decline in incidence of NVUGIB over time.
Figure 2: Mechanisms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding induced by NSAIDs, LDA or H. pylori infection.
Figure 3: Effects of an acidic environment on platelet aggregation.
Figure 4: Complex pathophysiology of NVUGIB.
Figure 5: Risk of developing NVUGIB associated with certain drugs.
Figure 6: Management of using soft coagulation.
Figure 7: Management of NVUGIB in those using antiplatelet agents.
Figure 8: Management of NVUGIB in those using vitamin K antagonists.
Figure 9: Management of NVUGIB in those on DOACs.

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Acknowledgements

A.L. declares that his work on this manuscript was partially funded by a grant from the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI/PI08/1301 and “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) de la Unión Europea. – Una manera de hacer Europa –”. The authors thank M. Fujishiro, The University of Tokyo Hospital, for the images used in Fig. 6.

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Introduction (A.L.); Epidemiology (C.V.); Mechanisms/pathophysiology (A.L. and R.H.H.); Diagnosis, screening and prevention (R.H.H., A.L., A.R. and M.F.); Management (J.J.Y.S., I.M.G., J.M.S. and J.-M.D.); Quality of life (H.E.C.); Outlook (all authors); Overview of the Primer (A.L.).

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Correspondence to Angel Lanas.

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A.L. is an adviser to Bayer Healthcare and Bayer AG. J.M.S. is an adviser to Aralez Pharmaceuticals. All other authors declare no competing interest.

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Lanas, A., Dumonceau, JM., Hunt, R. et al. Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4, 18020 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.20

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