Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2, 16008 (2016)

In the version of the article originally published, a typographical error has now been corrected. The statement now reads: Exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells to high levels of calcium and phosphate triggers this transformation154,155, which activates bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and WNT signalling pathways via upregulation of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) transcription factors156.