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  • Review Article
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Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism

Nature Reviews Cardiology volume 12, pages 464–474 (2015)Cite this article

Subjects

Key Points

  • Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs as often as stroke, and recurs frequently, with around 30% of patients with VTE experiencing recurrence within 10 years

  • Occurrence of VTE, especially pulmonary embolism (PE), is associated with reduction in survival, and PE is an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months

  • VTE is associated with high health-care costs and increased disability-adjusted life-years

  • Despite identification of VTE risk factors, development of new prophylaxis regimens, and improved uptake of VTE prophylaxis, the occurrence of VTE is increasing

Abstract

Thrombosis can affect any venous circulation. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep-vein thrombosis of the leg or pelvis, and its complication, pulmonary embolism. VTE is a fairly common disease, particularly in older age, and is associated with reduced survival, substantial health-care costs, and a high rate of recurrence. VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and various risk factors. Major risk factors for incident VTE include hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, active cancer, neurological disease with leg paresis, nursing-home confinement, trauma or fracture, superficial vein thrombosis, and—in women—pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. Although independent risk factors for incident VTE and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be fairly constant, or even increasing.

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Figure 1: Annual incidence of venous thromboembolism among residents of Olmsted County, MN, USA, from 1966 to 1990, by age and sex.
Figure 2: Annual incidence of venous thromboembolism among residents of Olmsted County, MN, USA, from 1966 to 1990, by age.
Figure 3: Trends over time in the incidence of venous thromboembolism, deep-vein thrombosis alone, and pulmonary embolism (with or without deep-vein thrombosis) among residents of Worcester, MA, USA.
Figure 4: Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival among residents of Olmsted County, MN, USA with incident venous thromboembolism diagnosed 1966–1990.111

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Acknowledgements

The author was supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute under Award Number R01HL66216. Research support was also provided by the Mayo Foundation.

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    John A. Heit

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Heit, J. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol 12, 464–474 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.83

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