Abstract
The three-dimensional NOGA® (Biologics Delivery Systems, a Johnson & Johnson company, Irwindale, CA, USA) electromechanical mapping system simultaneously registers the electrical and mechanical activities of the left ventricle, enabling online assessment of myocardial viability. The system distinguishes between viable, nonviable, stunned, and hibernating myocardium and can assess wall motion. The evaluation of the electrophysiological state of the tissue by NOGA® mapping has been validated by comparing the electroanatomical voltage and local linear shortening maps obtained with this technique with several noninvasive diagnostic tests. Bipolar signal analysis and determination of the existence and degree of transmural infarctions are also possible with NOGA®. Immediately after percutaneous coronary intervention, an increased electromechanical discordance between voltage and local linear shortening maps indicates procedure-induced stunning that is caused by repetitive ischemia or microvascular compromise. Catheter-based direct intramyocardial injection of cells or gene constructs by NOGA® reduces the likelihood of systemic toxicity of the injected substance, resulting in minimal washout, limited exposure of nontarget organs, and precise localization to ischemic and peri-ischemic myocardial regions in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia. In addition, direct intramyocardial injection enables the treatment of chronic myocardial infarction by provoking a chemotactic signal at the injection–injury site that contributes to cell engraftment. By measuring the electrical activation pattern in delayed-motion areas, NOGA® might also be useful to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Key Points
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The main diagnostic value of NOGA® images lies in their ability to provide online assessment of myocardial viability in the catheterization laboratory
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NOGA® can also be used to generate local linear shortening (LLS) maps, which reflect regional wall motion
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NOGA® endocardial mapping can distinguish viable, nonviable, stunned, and hibernating myocardium, the latter by revealing mismatch between electrical and mechanical activity
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The validation of myocardial viability assessment by NOGA® is based on good concordance with standardized noninvasive imaging tests; this technique is less concordant with other imaging approaches for wall-motion assessment
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Delineation of the infarcted area by NOGA® enables targeted delivery of cells or gene constructs in areas with myocardial unipolar voltage ≥9 mV, bipolar amplitude >1.9 mV, and LLS >6%
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Endocardial mapping by NOGA® enables a noncoronary segmental quantitative analysis of extent and severity of confluent ischemia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy
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The authors thank Martin W. Bergmann for providing Figure 2.
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Both authors contributed equally to discussion of content for the article, researching data to include in the manuscript, reviewing and editing the manuscript before submission, and revising the manuscript after peer-review.
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N. Dib is a consultant and in the speaker's bureau of Biologics Delivery Systems, a Johnson & Johnson company. M. Gyöngyösi declares no competing interests.
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Human NOGA®-guided intramyocardial injection studies (DOC 101 kb)
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Gyöngyösi, M., Dib, N. Diagnostic and prognostic value of 3D NOGA mapping in ischemic heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 8, 393–404 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2011.64
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2011.64
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