Abstract
The majority of human solid tumours do not metastasize when grown subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice; this includes patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. However, orthotopic implantation of intact tumour tissue can lead to metastasis that mimics that seen in patients. These patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models have a long history and might better recapitulate human tumours than PDX models.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
The progressive trend of modeling and drug screening systems of breast cancer bone metastasis
Journal of Biological Engineering Open Access 05 February 2024
-
High-fat diet promotes tumor growth in the patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model of ER positive endometrial cancer
Scientific Reports Open Access 02 October 2023
-
Targeted therapy for head and neck cancer: signaling pathways and clinical studies
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Open Access 16 January 2023
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Rygaard, J. & Povlsen, C. O. Heterotransplantation of a human malignant tumor to 'nude' mice. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 77, 758–760 (1969).
Garralda, E. et al. Integrated next-generation sequencing and avatar mouse models for personalized cancer treatment. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 2476–2484 (2014).
Wang, W. R. et al. in Immune-Deficient Animals — 4th International Workshop on Immune-Deficient Animals in Experimental Research (ed. Sordat, B.) 239–245 (Karger, 1982)
Fidler, I. J. Critical factors in the biology of human cancer metastasis: Twenty-eighth G.H.A. Clowes memorial award lecture. Cancer Res. 50, 6130–6138 (1990).
Fu, X. et al. Models of human metastatic colon cancer in nude mice orthotopically constructed by using histologically intact patient specimens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 9345–9349 (1991).
Furukawa, T. et al. Nude mouse metastatic models of human stomach cancer constructed using orthotopic implantation of histologically intact tissue. Cancer Res. 53, 1204–1208 (1993).
Fu, X., Guadagni, F. & Hoffman, R. M. A metastatic nude-mouse model of human pancreatic cancer constructed orthotopically from histologically intact patient specimens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5645–5649 (1992).
Fu, X., Le, P. & Hoffman, R. M. A metastatic–orthotopic transplant nude-mouse model of human patient breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 13, 901–904 (1993).
Fu, X. & Hoffman, R. M. Human ovarian carcinoma metastatic models constructed in nude mice by orthotopic transplantation of histologically-intact patient specimens. Anticancer Res. 13, 283–286 (1993).
Wang, X., Fu, X. & Hoffman, R. M. A new patient-like metastatic model of human lung cancer constructed orthotopically with intact tissue via thoracotomy in immunodeficient mice. Int. J. Cancer 51, 992–995 (1992).
Furukawa, T. et al. Orthotopic transplantation of histologically intact clinical specimens of stomach cancer to nude mice: correlation of metastatic sites in mouse and individual patient donors. Int. J. Cancer 53, 608–612 (1993).
Astoul, P. et al. A patient-like human malignant pleural mesothelioma nude-mouse model. Oncol. Rep. 3, 483–487 (1996).
Togo, S. et al. Cancer seed and soil can be highly selective: human-patient colon tumor lung metastasis grows in nude mouse lung but not colon or subcutis. Anticancer Res. 15, 795–798 (1995).
Hiroshima, Y. et al. Establishment of a patient-derived orthotopic xenograph (PDOX) model of HER-2-positive cervical cancer expressing the clinical metastatic pattern. PLoS ONE 10, e0117417 (2015).
Stewart, T. A., Pattengale, P. K. & Leder, P. Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas in transgenic mice that carry and express MTV/myc fusion genes. Cell 38, 627–637 (1984).
Rubio-Viqueira, B. et al. An in vivo platform for translational drug development in pancreatic cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 4652–4661 (2006).
[No authors listed.] Contents. Science 346, 8–9 (2014).
Couzin-Frankel, J. Hope in a mouse. Science 346, 28–29 (2014).
Jacks, T. & Weinberg, R. A. Taking the study of cancer cell survival to a new dimension. Cell 111, 923–925 (2002).
Acknowledgements
This article is dedicated to the memory of A. R. Moossa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author is an unpaid affiliate of AntiCancer Inc. PDOX models are a research project of AntiCancer Inc.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hoffman, R. Patient-derived orthotopic xenografts: better mimic of metastasis than subcutaneous xenografts. Nat Rev Cancer 15, 451–452 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3972
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3972
This article is cited by
-
The progressive trend of modeling and drug screening systems of breast cancer bone metastasis
Journal of Biological Engineering (2024)
-
Targeted therapy for head and neck cancer: signaling pathways and clinical studies
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2023)
-
High-fat diet promotes tumor growth in the patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model of ER positive endometrial cancer
Scientific Reports (2023)
-
Dissecting metastasis using preclinical models and methods
Nature Reviews Cancer (2023)
-
Current methods for studying metastatic potential of tumor cells
Cancer Cell International (2022)