Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Protocol
  • Published:

Generation of a fluorescently labeled endogenous protein library in living human cells

This article has been updated

Abstract

We present a protocol to tag proteins expressed from their endogenous chromosomal locations in individual mammalian cells using central dogma tagging. The protocol can be used to build libraries of cell clones, each expressing one endogenous protein tagged with a fluorophore such as the yellow fluorescent protein. Each round of library generation produces 100–200 cell clones and takes about 1 month. The protocol integrates procedures for high-throughput single-cell cloning using flow cytometry, high-throughput cDNA generation and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, semi-automatic protein localization screening using fluorescent microscopy and freezing cells in 96-well format.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1: Generation of a CD-tagged protein library.
Figure 2: Flowchart of the library generation procedure.
Figure 3: Optical configurations and stream alignments for YFP- and mCherry-based cell sorting.
Figure 4: Cell sorting of positive clones by flow cytometry.
Figure 5: Characterization of tagged cell clones.
Figure 6: Timescale of library construction.

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 20 September 2007

    In the version of this article initially published, the authors omitted the following acknowledgment: “We thank the Kahn Family Foundation and the Israel Science Foundation for support.” The acknowledgment has been added to the PDF version of the article.

References

  1. Alon, U. An Introduction to Systems Biology: Design Principles of Biological Circuits (Chapman & Hall/CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andersen, J.S. et al. Nucleolar proteome dynamics. Nature 433, 77–83 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhu, H. et al. Global analysis of protein activities using proteome chips. Science 293, 2101–2105 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ho, Y. et al. Systematic identification of protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mass spectrometry. Nature 415, 180–183 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Gavin, A.C. et al. Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes. Nature 415, 141–147 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Butland, G. et al. Interaction network containing conserved and essential protein complexes in Escherichia coli . Nature 433, 531–537 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yi, E.C. et al. Increased quantitative proteome coverage with (13)C/(12)C-based, acid-cleavable isotope-coded affinity tag reagent and modified data acquisition scheme. Proteomics 5, 380–387 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Whitney, A.R. et al. Individuality and variation in gene expression patterns in human blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1896–1901 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Perlman, Z.E. et al. Multidimensional drug profiling by automated microscopy. Science 306, 1194–1198 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mayer, T.U. et al. Small molecule inhibitor of mitotic spindle bipolarity identified in a phenotype-based screen. Science 286, 971–974 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen, D. & Huang, S. Nucleolar components involved in ribosome biogenesis cycle between the nucleolus and nucleoplasm in interphase cells. J. Cell Biol. 153, 169–176 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bannasch, D. et al. LIFEdb: a database for functional genomics experiments integrating information from external sources, and serving as a sample tracking system. Nucleic Acids Res. 32 Database issue, D505–D508 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Simpson, J.C., Wellenreuther, R., Poustka, A., Pepperkok, R. & Wiemann, S. Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing. EMBO Rep. 1, 287–292 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Huh, W.K. et al. Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast. Nature 425, 686–691 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jarvik, J.W., Adler, S.A., Telmer, C.A., Subramaniam, V. & Lopez, A.J. CD-tagging: a new approach to gene and protein discovery and analysis. Biotechniques 20, 896–904 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jarvik, J.W. et al. In vivo functional proteomics: mammalian genome annotation using CD-tagging. Biotechniques 33, 852–854 856, 858–860 passim (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jarvik, J.W. & Telmer, C.A. Epitope tagging. Annu. Rev. Genet. 32, 601–618 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sigal, A. et al. Dynamic proteomics in individual human cells uncovers widespread cell-cycle dependence of nuclear proteins. Nat. Methods 3, 525–531 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Friedrich, G. & Soriano, P. Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice. Genes Dev 5, 1513–1523 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gossler, A., Joyner, A.L., Rossant, J. & Skarnes, W.C. Mouse embryonic stem cells and reporter constructs to detect developmentally regulated genes. Science 244, 463–465 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Stanford, W.L. et al. Expression trapping: identification of novel genes expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial lineages by gene trapping in ES cells. Blood 92, 4622–4631 (1998).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Morin, X., Daneman, R., Zavortink, M. & Chia, W. A protein trap strategy to detect GFP-tagged proteins expressed from their endogenous loci in Drosophila . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 15050–15055 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clyne, P.J., Brotman, J.S., Sweeney, S.T. & Davis, G. Green fluorescent protein tagging Drosophila proteins at their native genomic loci with small P elements. Genetics 165, 1433–1441 (2003).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Shaner, N.C. et al. Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 1567–1572 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sigal, A. et al. Variability and memory of protein levels in human cells. Nature 444, 643–646 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu, X., Li, Y., Crise, B. & Burgess, S.M. Transcription start regions in the human genome are favored targets for MLV integration. Science 300, 1749–1751 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kent, W.J. et al. The human genome browser at UCSC. Genome Res. 12, 996–1006 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lander, E.S. et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409, 860–921 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mitchell, R.S. et al. Retroviral DNA integration: ASLV, HIV, and MLV show distinct target site preferences. PLoS Biol. 2, E234 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alex Sigal.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sigal, A., Danon, T., Cohen, A. et al. Generation of a fluorescently labeled endogenous protein library in living human cells. Nat Protoc 2, 1515–1527 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.197

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.197

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing