In 2009, two papers provided the first unambiguous examples of three-dimensional topological insulators — bulk insulators boasting metallic surface states with massless Dirac electrons. These now form just one of many classes of topological materials.
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Moore, J. Not trivial to realize. Nature Phys 11, 897–898 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3554
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3554
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Analytical theory and possible detection of the ac quantum spin Hall effect
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