Every scientist has an interest in their own citations, but regularly updated maps of citations across all of science are tracking what's hot and what's not.
Many physicists tend not to take 'scientometrics', the discipline of measuring and analysing science research, seriously. Not everyone shares that view — an example of such scientometrics appeared recently in Science1, in a paper exploring a model for citation dynamics across different journals and disciplines. And earlier this year, an interactive map2 of material published on the arXiv preprint server was released: colour-coded according to arXiv category, papers are represented by circles of a size proportional to their number of citations, clustered according to their references. Zooming in and out to explore the arXiv world is entertaining, but do these maps tell us anything useful?
Citation maps are, in fact, serious business. Thomson Reuters ScienceWatch, for instance, has been analysing science metrics since 1989, and so has the Japan National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP) for the past ten years. Their methodology is based on clustering the top 1% of the most highly cited research papers each year. The resulting maps tell the story of active research areas in science and of the dynamics of different fields.
Hot topics come and go. For example, research into magnesium diboride — a conventional superconductor with an unconventionally high transition temperature — boomed in the early 2000s and was a hot topic in NISTEP's science map for 2002; but by 2008 it had disappeared. Some areas of research are very dynamic, and a comparison between the 2002 and 2008 science maps shows clear trends — for instance, in condensed-matter physics there was a decisive change in hot topics; in this field, rapid increases in citations are common and research areas tend to develop independently. In contrast, for particle physics and cosmology the science map was almost unchanged, indicating no major shift in the pattern of research activity.
In a study3 by Chinese researchers performed in 2012, using the same methodology as the NISTEP reports, 132 active areas of research were identified across all of science. Of these, 31 were considered hot topics, and nine of them fell into physics or nanoscience categories: galaxy formation and evolution; metamaterials; slow light and silicon-based photonics; ultrafast lasers; ferroelectric, multiferroic and piezoelectric materials; cavity QED and solid-state quantum computation; fluorescence sensors and silicon carbide nanotubes; nanoparticles; and graphene. A more specific list4 of the hottest of the largest or most active topics in physics emerged in ScienceWatch's 2013 report: alkali-doped iron selenide; spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates; direct-detection experiments for dark matter; evidence of Majorana fermions; top-quark forward–backward asymmetry; quantum simulations using trapped ions; nodal gap structure in iron-based superconductors; holographic Fermi surfaces and entanglement entropy; interpretation of quantum discord; and topological insulators.
These lists indicate the level of activity in specific areas, and implicitly reflect the size of the communities involved (and hence should be interpreted with care). No doubt some of these topics will persist in the maps for years to come, others will disappear. But hot topics may also converge into new hot topics. Indeed, this 'movement' of research areas and their interactions are further interesting features revealed by the science maps — such as the confluence of ideas about Bose–Einstein condensation, superconductivity and superfluidity that is driving research on strongly interacting quantum many-body systems.
Science maps also show how activity is distributed in different countries and institutes, making their strengths and weaknesses plain. Hence, more funding bodies are using these data to assess the quality and impact of the research they pay for. With the ever-increasing number of publications — more than 26,000 articles were published in ISI-listed journals in physics in 2012 — the monitoring of trends in science will only become more important for researchers and funders alike. Scientometrics is most definitely on the map.
References
Wang, D., Song, C. & Barabási, A-L. Science 342, 127–132 (2013).
Pan, J., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Han, T. & Wang, J. Mapping Science Structure 2012 (in Chinese) (Science Press, 2013).
King, C. & Pendleton, D. A. Research Fronts 2013: 100 Top-Ranked Specialities in the Sciences and Social Sciences (Thomson Reuters, 2013); http://go.nature.com/59GqvF
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Hot stuff. Nature Phys 9, 751 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2827
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2827