Abstract
Imaging technologies based on terahertz (THz) waves have great potential for use in powerful non-invasive inspection methods. However, most real objects have various three-dimensional curvatures and existing THz technologies often encounter difficulties in imaging such configurations, which limits the useful range of THz imaging applications. Here, we report the development of a flexible and wearable THz scanner based on carbon nanotubes. We achieved room-temperature THz detection over a broad frequency band ranging from 0.14 to 39 THz and developed a portable THz scanner. Using this scanner, we performed THz imaging of samples concealed behind opaque objects, breakages and metal impurities of a bent film and multi-view scans of a syringe. We demonstrated a passive biometric THz scan of a human hand. Our results are expected to have considerable implications for non-destructive and non-contact inspections, such as medical examinations for the continuous monitoring of health conditions.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ferguson, B. & Zhang, X. C. Materials for terahertz science and technology. Nat. Mater. 1, 26–33 (2002).
Kemp, M. C. et al. Security applications of terahertz technology. Proc. SPIE 5070, 44–52 (2003).
Bravin, A., Coan, P. & Suortti, P. X-ray phase-contrast imaging: from pre-clinical applications towards clinics. Phys. Med. Biol. 58, R1–R35 (2013).
Lee, M. & Wanke, M. C. Searching for a solid-state terahertz technology. Science 316, 64–65 (2007).
Tonouchi, M. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nat. Photon. 1, 97–105 (2007).
Kawano, Y. Terahertz waves: a tool for condensed matter, the life sciences and astronomy. Contemp. Phys. 54, 143–165 (2013).
Otsuji, T. Trends in the research of modern terahertz detectors: plasmon detectors. IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 5, 1110–1120 (2015).
Guillet, J. P. et al. Review of terahertz tomography techniques. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 35, 382–411 (2014).
Kawase, K., Shibuya, T., Hayashi, S. & Suizu, K. Thz imaging techniques for nondestructive inspections. C. R. Phys. 11, 510–518 (2010).
Oda, N. Uncooled bolometer-type terahertz focal plane array and camera for real-time imaging. C. R. Phys. 11, 496–509 (2010).
Han, R. et al. Active terahertz imaging using Schottky diodes in CMOS: array and 860-GHz pixel. IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. 48, 2296–2308 (2013).
Kawano, Y. Wide-band frequency-tunable terahertz and infrared detection with graphene. Nanotechnology 24, 214004 (2013).
Cai, X. et al. Sensitive room-temperature terahertz detection via the photothermoelectric effect in graphene. Nat. Nanotech. 9, 814–819 (2014).
Vicarelli, L. et al. Graphene field-effect transistors as room-temperature terahertz detectors. Nat. Mater. 11, 865–871 (2012).
Spirito, D. et al. High performance bilayer-graphene terahertz detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 061111 (2014).
Chen, S. L. et al. Efficient real-time detection of terahertz pulse radiation based on photoacoustic conversion by carbon nanotube nanocomposite. Nat. Photon. 8, 537–542 (2014).
Itkis, M. E., Borondics, F., Yu, A. & Haddon, R. C. Bolometric infrared photoresponse of suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films. Science 312, 413–416 (2006).
He, X. et al. Carbon nanotube terahertz detector. Nano Lett. 14, 3953–3958 (2014).
Erikson, K. J. et al. Figure of merit for carbon nanotube photothermoelectric detectors. ACS Nano 9, 11618–11627 (2015).
He, X. et al. Photothermoelectric p–n junction photodetector with intrinsic broadband polarimetry based on macroscopic carbon nanotube films. ACS Nano 7, 7271–7277 (2013).
Manohana, H. M. et al. Carbon nanotube Schottky diodes using Ti−Schottky and Pt−Ohmic contacts for high frequency applications. Nano Lett. 5, 1469–1474 (2005).
Kawano, Y., Uchida, T. & Ishibashi, K. Terahertz sensing with a carbon nanotube/two-dimensional electron gas hybrid transistor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 083123 (2009).
Rinzan, M. et al. Carbon nanotube quantum dots as highly sensitive terahertz-cooled spectrometers. Nano Lett. 12, 3097–3100 (2012).
Ziel, A. V. D. & Chenette, E. R. Noise in solid state devices. Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 46, 313–383 (1978).
St-Antoine, B. C., Menard, D. & Martel, R. Photothermoelectric effects in single-walled carbon nanotube films: reinterpreting scanning photocurrent experiments. Nano Res. 5, 73–81 (2012).
Michaelson, H. B. The work function of the elements and its periodicity. J. Appl. Phys. 48, 4729–4733 (1977).
Pickwell, E. & Wallace, V. P. Biomedical applications of terahertz technology. J. Phys. D 39, 301–310 (2006).
Tripathi, S. R., Miyata, E., Ishai, P. B. & Kawase, K. Morphology of human sweat ducts observed by optical coherence tomography and their frequency of resonance in the terahertz frequency region. Sci. Rep. 5, 9071 (2015).
Ciesla, C. M. et al. Biomedical applications of terahertz pulse imaging. Proc. SPIE 3934, 73–81 (2000).
Kobashi, K. et al. Green, scalable, binderless fabrication of a single-walled carbon nanotube nonwoven fabric based on an ancient Japanese paper process. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 12602–12608 (2013).
Hone, J. et al. Thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and nanotube-based materials. Appl. Phys. A 74, 339–343 (2002).
Acknowledgements
We thank Zeon Corporation for providing the CNT film. This work was supported in part by Collaborative Research Based on Industrial Demand and the Center of Innovation Program from the Japan Science and Technology Agency, KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP26286005, JP16H00798, JP16H00906 and JP16J09937 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Support for Tokyotech Advanced Researchers (STAR).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
D.S. performed the experiments and simulations and wrote the manuscript. S.O. provided general advice regarding future applications of a flexible and wearable THz scanner. Y.K. conceived the study, participated in its coordination and assisted in writing the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
Y.K. and D.S. have filed a Japanese patent application related to this work.
Supplementary information
Supplementary information
Supplementary information (PDF 816 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Suzuki, D., Oda, S. & Kawano, Y. A flexible and wearable terahertz scanner. Nature Photon 10, 809–813 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.209
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.209
This article is cited by
-
High-throughput terahertz imaging: progress and challenges
Light: Science & Applications (2023)
-
Bicyclic-ring base doping induces n-type conduction in carbon nanotubes with outstanding thermal stability in air
Nature Communications (2022)
-
Robot-assisted, source-camera-coupled multi-view broadband imagers for ubiquitous sensing platform
Nature Communications (2021)
-
Continuous monitoring of deep-tissue haemodynamics with stretchable ultrasonic phased arrays
Nature Biomedical Engineering (2021)
-
High-frequency rectifiers based on type-II Dirac fermions
Nature Communications (2021)