Abstract
The changing balance of forces at the nanoscale offers the opportunity to develop a new generation of spatially reconfigurable nanomembrane metamaterials in which electromagnetic Coulomb, Lorentz and Ampère forces, as well as thermal stimulation and optical signals, can be engaged to dynamically change their optical properties. Individual building blocks of such metamaterials, the metamolecules, and their arrays fabricated on elastic dielectric membranes can be reconfigured to achieve optical modulation at high frequencies, potentially reaching the gigahertz range. Mechanical and optical resonances enhance the magnitude of actuation and optical response within these nanostructures, which can be driven by electric signals of only a few volts or optical signals with power of only a few milliwatts. We envisage switchable, electro-optical, magneto-optical and nonlinear metamaterials that are compact and silicon-nanofabrication-technology compatible with functionalities surpassing those of natural media by orders of magnitude in some key design parameters.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to A. Karvounis and V. Savinov for their help preparing the manuscript. We are also grateful to P. Cencillo-Abad, J. P. Valente and J. Y. Ou for preparing the Supplementary Movies and K. F. MacDonald for discussions. This work is supported by the Leverhulme Trust, the MOE Singapore (grant MOE2011-T3-1-005) and the UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grants EP/G060363/1 and EP/M009122/1).
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N.I.Z. and E.P. made equal contributions to the preparation of this Perspective.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Movie 1
Focused ion beam fabrication of an array of metamaterial samples (MOV 13722 kb)
Supplementary Movie 2
Actuating nanomembrane chevron metamaterial (MOV 12684 kb)
Supplementary Movie 3
Switching nanomembrane electro-optical metamaterial with the Coulomb force (MOV 10972 kb)
Supplementary Movie 4
Actuating individual wires in randomly reconfigurable nanomembrane metamaterial (MOV 11944 kb)
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Zheludev, N., Plum, E. Reconfigurable nanomechanical photonic metamaterials. Nature Nanotech 11, 16–22 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.302
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.302
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