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Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene

Nature Nanotechnology volume 8, pages 235–246 (2013)Cite this article

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Abstract

Raman spectroscopy is an integral part of graphene research. It is used to determine the number and orientation of layers, the quality and types of edge, and the effects of perturbations, such as electric and magnetic fields, strain, doping, disorder and functional groups. This, in turn, provides insight into all sp2-bonded carbon allotropes, because graphene is their fundamental building block. Here we review the state of the art, future directions and open questions in Raman spectroscopy of graphene. We describe essential physical processes whose importance has only recently been recognized, such as the various types of resonance at play, and the role of quantum interference. We update all basic concepts and notations, and propose a terminology that is able to describe any result in literature. We finally highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy for layered materials other than graphene.

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Figure 1: Electrons, phonons and Raman spectrum of graphene.
Figure 2: Raman processes.
Figure 3: Real-space Raman processes.
Figure 4: Dependence of the Raman spectra on number of layers and disorder.

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Acknowledgements

We thank E. Lidorikis, S. Piscanec, P. H. Tan, S. Milana, D. Yoon, A. Lombardo, A. Bonetti, C. Casiraghi, F. Bonaccorso, G. Savini, N. Bonini, N. Marzari, T. Kulmala, A. Jorio, M. A. Pimenta, G. Cancado, R. Ruoff, R. A. Nair, K. A. Novoselov, L. Novotny, A. K. Geim, C. Faugeras and M. Potemski for useful discussions. A.C.F acknowledges funding from the Royal Society, the European Research Council Grant NANOPOTS, EU grants RODIN, GENIUS, MEM4WIN and CareRAMM, EPSRC grants EP/K01711X/1, EP/K017144/1, EP/G042357/1, and Nokia Research Centre, Cambridge.

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  1. Cambridge Graphene Centre, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OFA, UK

    Andrea C. Ferrari

  2. Université Grenoble 1 and CNRS, LPMMC UMR 5493, Grenoble, France

    Denis M. Basko

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  1. Andrea C. Ferrari
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Correspondence to Andrea C. Ferrari.

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Ferrari, A., Basko, D. Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nature Nanotech 8, 235–246 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.46

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