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Nanoscale Joule heating, Peltier cooling and current crowding at graphene–metal contacts

Nature Nanotechnology volume 6, pages 287–290 (2011)Cite this article

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Abstract

The performance and scaling of graphene-based electronics1 is limited by the quality of contacts between the graphene and metal electrodes2,3,4. However, the nature of graphene–metal contacts remains incompletely understood. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to measure the temperature distributions at the contacts of working graphene transistors with a spatial resolution of ∼10 nm (refs 5, 6, 7, 8), allowing us to identify the presence of Joule heating9,10,11, current crowding12,13,14,15,16 and thermoelectric heating and cooling17. Comparison with simulation enables extraction of the contact resistivity (150–200 Ω µm2) and transfer length (0.2–0.5 µm) in our devices; these generally limit performance and must be minimized. Our data indicate that thermoelectric effects account for up to one-third of the contact temperature changes, and that current crowding accounts for most of the remainder. Modelling predicts that the role of current crowding will diminish and the role of thermoelectric effects will increase as contacts improve.

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Figure 1: Device layout.
Figure 2: Measured and predicted contact heating and cooling.
Figure 3: Relative contribution of contact effects.
Figure 4: Contact temperature under varying conditions.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research MURI FA9550-08-1-0407, Office of Naval Research grants N00014-07-1-0767, N00014-09-1-0180 and N00014-10-1-0061, and the Air Force Young Investigator Program (E.P.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    Kyle L. Grosse & William P. King

  2. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    Kyle L. Grosse, Myung-Ho Bae, Feifei Lian, Eric Pop & William P. King

  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    Myung-Ho Bae, Feifei Lian & Eric Pop

  4. Beckman Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    Eric Pop & William P. King

  5. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA

    William P. King

Authors
  1. Kyle L. Grosse
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  2. Myung-Ho Bae
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  4. Eric Pop
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Contributions

K.L.G. performed measurements and simulations. M-H.B. fabricated devices and assisted with simulations. E.P. implemented the computational model and physical interpretation, with help from F.L., while E.P. and W.P.K. conceived the experiments. All authors discussed the results. K.L.G., E.P. and W.P.K. co-wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Eric Pop or William P. King.

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Grosse, K., Bae, MH., Lian, F. et al. Nanoscale Joule heating, Peltier cooling and current crowding at graphene–metal contacts. Nature Nanotech 6, 287–290 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.39

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