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Reorganization of corticospinal output during motor learning

Nature Neuroscience volume 20, pages 1133–1141 (2017)Cite this article

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Abstract

Motor learning is accompanied by widespread changes within the motor cortex, but it is unknown whether these changes are ultimately funneled through a stable corticospinal output channel or whether the corticospinal output itself is plastic. We investigated the consistency of the relationship between corticospinal neuron activity and movement through in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in mice learning a lever-press task. Corticospinal neurons exhibited heterogeneous correlations with movement, with the majority of movement-modulated neurons decreasing activity during movement. Individual cells changed their activity across days, which led to changed associations between corticospinal activity and movement. Unlike previous observations in layer 2/3, activity accompanying learned movements did not become more consistent with learning; instead, the activity of dissimilar movements became more decorrelated. These results indicate that the relationship between corticospinal activity and movement is dynamic and that the types of activity and plasticity are different from and possibly complementary to those in layer 2/3.

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Figure 1: Corticospinal neuron labeling.
Figure 2: Imaging apical dendrites of corticospinal neurons.
Figure 3: Lever press task.
Figure 4: Corticospinal neurons are heterogeneously related to movement.
Figure 5: The relationship between corticospinal activity and movement is dynamic.
Figure 6: Changes in activity across time.
Figure 7: Cell-type-specific differences in the relationship between movement and activity.

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Acknowledgements

We thank A. Kim, T. Loveland and L. Hall for technical assistance and thank current and former members of the Komiyama lab, especially S. Chen, J. Dahlen, B. Danskin and H. Liu, for comments and discussions. This research was supported by grants from NIH (R01 DC014690-01, R21 DC012641, R01 NS091010A, U01 NS094342 and R01 EY025349), Human Frontier Science Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (PRESTO), New York Stem Cell Foundation, David & Lucile Packard Foundation, Pew Charitable Trusts and McKnight Foundation to T.K. A.J.P. was supported by the Neuroplasticity of Aging Training Grant (AG000216), a Newton International fellowship, a Human Frontier Science Program fellowship and an EMBO fellowship. J.L. was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

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Author notes

  1. Present address: UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

    Andrew J Peters, Jun Lee, Nathan G Hedrick, Keelin O'Neil & Takaki Komiyama

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  1. Andrew J Peters
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Contributions

Conceptualization, A.J.P. and T.K.; methodology for spinal cord injections and histology investigation, J.L.; longitudinal simultaneous dendrite and soma imaging, N.G.H. and K.O′N.; other methodology and investigation, A.J.P.; software and writing for the original draft, A.J.P.; analysis, A.J.P. and T.K.; writing review and editing, A.J.P. and T.K.; supervision and funding acquisition, T.K.

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Correspondence to Takaki Komiyama.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Semi-simultaneous imaging of sparse somata and apical dendrites

Sparsely-labelled corticospinal neurons semi-simultaneously imaged at their apical dendrites (left pictures) and somata (center pictures). Red scale bars are 13 μm. Right column is fluorescence traces from apical dendrites (black) and somata (red) indicated by the blue circles within each picture and min-max normalized. Multiple black traces within one cell indicate visually-confirmed sibling dendritic branches. Dendritic calcium signals across sibling branches are highly correlated with somatic calcium signals.

Supplementary Figure 2 Example event detection

Top: example fluorescence trace (black) and detected events (red, Methods). Events are detected during the rise of the trace, even when it is during decay of a large preceding event. Bottom: example fluorescence traces (black) and detected events (red) of 10 simultaneously imaged cells across an entire imaging session.

Supplementary Figure 3 Movement correlations across days by animal

Median correlations between rewarded movements of all pairs of days as in Fig. 3c for each animal individually.

Supplementary Figure 4 Semi-simultaneous imaging of somata and dendrites across learning

(a) Corticospinal cells that were imaged at the dendrite and soma semi-simultaneously across learning. Left images: side projections. Right images: slices from analyzed depths indicated by black lines. Arrows point towards analyzed dendrites and somata.

(b) Min-max normalized fluorescence traces of semi-simultaneously imaged dendrites (black) and corresponding somata (red) across days. Fluorescence events are closely coupled between dendrites and somata throughout learning.

Supplementary Figure 5 Activity- and movement-related classification of layer 2/3 cells

Re-analysis of data from19.

(a) Activity of all cells aligned to movement onset and offset, equivalent to Fig. 4b for layer 2/3 cells. Top: activity of all recorded cells in all animals min-max normalized within day then averaged across days, sorted by the coefficient of the first principal component of average activity across cells (1122 cells). Bottom: average activity across all cells, then averaged across animals. Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

(b) Average activity of all classified active cells aligned to movement onset and offset, equivalent to Fig. 4c for layer 2/3 cells. Top: activity of all recorded cells that fell into each category on at least one day, min-max normalized within day and then averaged across days with that classification, sorted by the coefficient of the first principle component of average activity across cells (189 movement-active cells, 84 quiescence-active cells, 182 indiscriminately-active cells). Note that if a cell was classified differently across days, then it will appear under multiple classes and averaged across the days with that classification. Bottom: average activity across all cells of a given classification averaged across days with that classification, then averaged across animals. Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

(c) Comparison of activity between corticospinal and layer 2/3 populations. Activity within cells is binarized to allow for direct comparison independent of cell-type and compartment differences in fluorescence values. Left: average across all cells and all animals, error bars are s.e.m. across animals. Right: average across all cell-day pairs classified as movement-active, error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

(d) Fraction of classified cells across time, equivalent to Fig. 5b for layer 2/3 cells. Error bars are s.e.m. The fraction of movement-active cells but not quiescence-active increases after the first two days (paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test between the mean of days 1-2 and the mean of days 3-4 after z-scoring all values within animals, movement-active cells p = 0.02, quiescence-active cells p = 0.06).

Supplementary Figure 6 Activity accompanying movements in animals not performing the task

(a) Parameters of movement for task-engaged animals (black lines) and animals not engaged in a task (blue lines). Top left: fraction of time spent moving is the same (1-way ANOVA, p = 0.4). Top right: duration of movement bouts is slightly longer in no-task animals (1-way ANOVA, p = 0.003). Bottom left: task-engaged animals push the lever instead of pulling more than no-task animals (1-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Bottom right: task-engaged animals make larger-amplitude movements than no-task animals (1-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

(b) Fraction of classified neurons across days, the black line indicates movement-active neurons and the red line indicates quiescence-active neurons. Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

(c) Pairwise correlation in population activity as a function of correlation of accompanying movements. Similarity of corticospinal activity does not change across time (Wilcoxon signed-rank test for: fitted slopes for black vs. gray lines p = 0.6; negative movement correlation bins, p = 0.5). Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

Supplementary Figure 7 Smooth transitions in the relationship between movement and activity

Pairwise correlation in population activity as a function of correlation of accompanying movements, equivalent to Fig. 7a but including intermediate days. Left column; corticospinal cells, right column; layer 2/3 cells. Top row; days 1-3 compared to all other days, bottom row; days 13-14 compared to all other days. The change in the relationship between movement and activity transitions smoothly across days. Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

Supplementary Figure 8 Changes in the relationship between movement and activity, controlled for session duration, number of movements and distribution of maximum activity.

(a) Pairwise correlation in population activity as a function of correlation of accompanying movements only using movements within the minimum training time for each mouse across days (18.0 ± 1.8 minutes, mean ± s.d.). The results are the same as Fig. 7a, (paired Wilcoxon sign-rank test between: fitted slopes for black vs. gray lines p = 0.02; negatively correlated movement bins for black vs. gray lines, p = 0.02; fitted slopes for gray vs. blue lines, corticospinal p = 0.008). This indicates that these results are not driven by different session durations across days. Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

(b) Pairwise correlation in population activity as a function of correlation of accompanying movements only using the minimum number of movements for each mouse across days (44.9 ± 8.6 movements, mean ± s.d.). The results are the same as Fig. 7a, (paired Wilcoxon sign-rank test between: fitted slopes for black vs. gray lines p = 0.02; negatively correlated movement bins for black vs. gray lines, p = 0.0487; fitted slopes for gray vs. blue lines, corticospinal p = 0.008). This indicates that these results are not driven by different number of movements produced across days. Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

(c) Soft-max normalizing activity by the maximum of each cell across days (normalized cell activity = cell activity / (maximum cell activity across days + 0.25 ΔF/F0)). Left; histogram of maximum activity values across cells before (above) and after (below) normalization. Right; pairwise correlation in population activity as a function of correlation of accompanying movements. The results are the same as Fig. 7a, (paired Wilcoxon sign-rank test between: fitted slopes for black vs. gray lines p = 0.008; negatively correlated movement bins for black vs. gray lines, p = 0.02; fitted slopes for gray vs. blue lines, corticospinal p = 0.008). This indicates that these results are not driven by cells with especially high ΔF/F0 values. Error bars are s.e.m. across animals.

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Peters, A., Lee, J., Hedrick, N. et al. Reorganization of corticospinal output during motor learning. Nat Neurosci 20, 1133–1141 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4596

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