Capillary endothelial cells sense neuronal activity-evoked increases in extracellular K+ via KIR2.1 inwardly rectifying K+ channels. The ensuing hyperpolarization travels upstream along the vascular network, reaching arterioles and evoking vasodilation.
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Filosa, J. Upstream current for a downstream flow. Nat Neurosci 20, 631–633 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4542
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4542