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Neuronal activity modifies the chromatin accessibility landscape in the adult brain

Nature Neuroscience volume 20, pages 476–483 (2017)Cite this article

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Abstract

Neuronal activity-induced gene expression modulates the function and plasticity of the nervous system. It is unknown whether and to what extent neuronal activity may trigger changes in chromatin accessibility, a major mode of epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here we compared chromatin accessibility landscapes of adult mouse dentate granule neurons in vivo before and after synchronous neuronal activation using an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq). We found genome-wide changes 1 h after activation, with enrichment of gained-open sites at active enhancer regions and at binding sites for AP1-complex components, including c-Fos. Some changes remained stable for at least 24 h. Functional analysis further implicates a critical role of c-Fos in initiating, but not maintaining, neuronal activity-induced chromatin opening. Our results reveal dynamic changes of chromatin accessibility in adult mammalian brains and suggest an epigenetic mechanism by which transient neuronal activation leads to dynamic changes in gene expression via modifying chromatin accessibility.

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Figure 1: Modification of the chromatin accessibility landscape in the adult mouse dentate gyrus by transient neuronal activation.
Figure 2: Characterization of gained-open and gained-closed regions at E1 compared to E0.
Figure 3: Enrichment of c-Fos binding sites at neuronal activity-induced chromatin opening regions.
Figure 4: Critical role of c-Fos in neuronal activity-induced chromatin opening of regions with c-Fos binding sites.
Figure 5: Characterization of neuronal activity-induced chromatin accessibility changes at different timepoints.
Figure 6: Characterization of chromatin-accessibility gained-open regions sustained for 4 h and 24 h.
Figure 7: Gained-open sites can be maintained without c-Fos occupation.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the members of the Song and Ming laboratories for discussions, K. Christian for comments and Y. Cai and L. Liu for technical support. This work was supported by NIH (R37NS047344 and P01NS097206 to H.S., R35NS097370 and R01MH105128 to G.-l.M.), SFARI (Award 240011 to H.S.), The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation (to G.-l.M.) and The Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (to Y.S.).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Yijing Su, Jaehoon Shin, Chun Zhong, Sabrina Wang, Prith Roychowdhury, Jongseuk Lim, David Kim, Guo-li Ming & Hongjun Song

  2. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Yijing Su, Jaehoon Shin, Chun Zhong, Guo-li Ming & Hongjun Song

  3. The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Guo-li Ming & Hongjun Song

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Guo-li Ming

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Contributions

Y.S. and H.S. designed the project. C.Z. prepared the AAV and performed viral injections; Y.S., J.S., S.W., P.R., J.L. and D.K. contributed to data collection, analyses and interpretation. Y.S., J.S., G.-l.M. and H.S. wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hongjun Song.

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Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Comparison of open chromatin regions between dentate granule cells and other tissues and neural cell types.

(a) Pearson correlation heatmap among open chromatin profiles of different cell types and tissues (See Supplementary Table 2 for sources of data used). (b) UCSC genome browser visualization of open chromatin profiling coverage at the Prox1 locus for the adult mouse dentate gyrus (red) and other subtypes of neuronal cells and tissues (gray). Bottom panel shows the UCSC genome browser visualization of RNA-seq coverage for dentate gyrus (blue).

Supplementary Figure 2 Characterization of open chromatin regions identified by ATAC-seq.

(a) Distribution of open chromatin regions in different genomic regions before (E0; n = 89, 946) and 1 h (E1; n = 114,959) after neuronal activation (b) ATAC-seq reads at E0 across all annotated genes are stratified by their mRNA levels (left panel) or plotted on gene bodies with their expression levels ranked in descending order for the heatmap view (right panel).

Supplementary Figure 3 Characterization of the chromatin state of regions with neuronal activity-induced chromatin-accessibility changes at E1 compared to E0.

(a) UCSC genome browser visualization of open chromatin profiling coverage at E0 and E1 and H3K4me1, H3K27Ac and H3K4me3 ChIP-seq coverage at the Arc and cFos loci for the adult mouse dentate gyrus. Red bar indicates the gained-open sites at E1. Blue bar indicates the previously functionally identified enhancer regions1,2,3. (b) Aggregate plots of histone modifications and CTCF ChIP-seq signals centered at gained-open (left panel) and gained-closed (right panel) sites at E1. The histone ChIP-seq data used for plots are from a previously published dataset from the adult mouse hippocampus4 and a CTCF ChIP-seq dataset from the adult mouse cortex5. The significance of overlap between peaks was calculated using a hypergeometric model. (c) Shown are the emission matrix, state annotation and enrichment of biological features from ChromHMM6. Refer to caption of Fig. 2c.

Supplementary Figure 4 Characterization of H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27Ac and H3K27me3 changes before and after stimulation at regions with neuronal activity-induced chromatin-accessibility changes at E1 compared to E0.

Shown are aggregate plots of H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27Ac and H3K27me3 signals before and after KCl stimulation centered at gained-open (up) and gained-closed (bottom) sites at E1. The histone ChIP-seq data used for plots are from a previously published dataset7 (n = 2-3).

Supplementary Figure 5 Motif prediction of neuronal activity-induced gained-open and gained-closed sites at E1 compared to E0 by two different algorithms, HOMER and MEME-ChIP.

(a) De novo motif identified by MEME-ChIP analysis of neuronal activity-induced gained-open regions at E1 resembles AP-1 complex, including cFos, JunB, Jun and JunD. Refer to Fig. 3a. (b) De novo motif identified by MEME-ChIP analysis of neuronal activation-induced gained-closed regions at E1 does not recover motifs similar to known transcription factor binding motifs (P = 4.5e -51). (c) De novo motif identified by HOMER from neuronal activity-induced gained-open and gain-closed sites at E1. ChIP-seq data for cFos, FosB, JunB and CREB used for plots were from a published dataset7

Supplementary Figure 6 Characterization of c-Fos expression in the adult mouse dentate gyrus.

(a, b) Expression of endogenous cFos in response to transient synchronous neuronal stimulation. Shown are summaries of time-course analyses of mRNA (a) and protein (b) expression of cFos in the adult dentate gyrus after electroconvulsive stimulation. Values represent mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 for a, n = 2 for b; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ANOVA). Full-length western blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 10. (c) Schematic diagrams of AAV constructs used to express shRNA or exogenous protein in the adult mouse dentate gyrus (top panel) and the experimental paradigm (bottom panel). (d, e) Q-PCR analysis of expression of cFos in the adult dentate gyrus expressing shRNA-Ctrl and shRNA-cFos (d) or cFos and/or EYFP (e). Values represent mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 mice; *P < 0.05; permutation test).

Supplementary Figure 7 Effect of cFos knockdown in neuronal activity-induced chromatin opening and gene expression.

(a) Confirmation of cFos knockdown efficacy upon AAV-mediated expression of shRNA-cFos in samples for RNA-seq. Values represent mean + s.e.m. (n = 3; *P < 0.05; permutation test). (b) Principal components analysis of ATAC-seq data under different experimental conditions. (c, d) Venn diagrams of differential peaks (c) and genes (d) in the adult dentate gyrus expressing shRNA-Ctrl and shRNA-cFos in response to neuronal activation. (e) Venn diagrams of gained-open regions induced by cFos overexpression and neuronal activation at E1 without exogenous cFos expression.

Supplementary Figure 8 Characterization of neuronal activation-induced chromatin-accessibility changes at E1, E4 and E24.

(a) Comparison of open chromatin profiles of the dentate gyrus of adult mice at different time points after synchronous neuronal activation. Differential regions are shown in a volcano plot. Significantly gained-open sites are shown in red and gained-closed sites are shown in blue (T-test; P < 1e -5; Fold changes > 2). (b, c) Distribution of differential peaks after neuronal activation in different genomic regions. Distal binding sites are defined as > 1 kb from an NCBI annotated RefSeq TSS (b).

Supplementary Figure 9 ChIP-qPCR analysis at the sustained gained-open regions at E4 for Kcnj6, Nr3c1, Kcnv2 and Nrxn3 in the adult dentate gyrus at E0, E1 and E4.

Data represent normalized percentage input (n = 3 mice in each group; #P > 0.05; *P < 0.05; permutation test).

Supplementary Figure 10 Full-length Western blot image for sample Western blot shown in Supplementary Figure 6b.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Figures 1–10 and Supplementary Table 2 (PDF 1598 kb)

Supplementary Methods Checklist (PDF 434 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

Summary of open chromatin regions at E0, E1, E4 and E24. (XLSX 35678 kb)

Supplementary Table 3

Summary of dentate granule neuron-specific open chromatin regions and their associated genes compared to other neuronal subtype cells. (XLSX 1613 kb)

Supplementary Table 4

Summary of differential chromatin opening regions after synchronous neuronal activation from ATAC-seq analysis (XLSX 1629 kb)

Supplementary Table 5

Summary of RNA-seq analyses. (XLSX 1639 kb)

Supplementary Table 6

List of gained-open peaks with cFos binding site at E1 compared to E0. (XLSX 421 kb)

Supplementary Table 7

Summary of differential peaks under cFos knockdown and overexpression conditions from ATAC-seq analysis. (XLSX 1148 kb)

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Su, Y., Shin, J., Zhong, C. et al. Neuronal activity modifies the chromatin accessibility landscape in the adult brain. Nat Neurosci 20, 476–483 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4494

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