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Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways

Nature Neuroscience volume 18, pages 199–209 (2015)Cite this article

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A Corrigendum to this article was published on 25 November 2015

A Corrigendum to this article was published on 26 May 2015

This article has been updated

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of psychiatric disorders have identified multiple genetic associations with such disorders, but better methods are needed to derive the underlying biological mechanisms that these signals indicate. We sought to identify biological pathways in GWAS data from over 60,000 participants from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We developed an analysis framework to rank pathways that requires only summary statistics. We combined this score across disorders to find common pathways across three adult psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. Histone methylation processes showed the strongest association, and we also found statistically significant evidence for associations with multiple immune and neuronal signaling pathways and with the postsynaptic density. Our study indicates that risk variants for psychiatric disorders aggregate in particular biological pathways and that these pathways are frequently shared between disorders. Our results confirm known mechanisms and suggest several novel insights into the etiology of psychiatric disorders.

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Figure 1: Overview of statistical approach for integrative pathway analysis of GWAS data.
Figure 2: Quantile-quantile plot showing P-value distribution for a combined analysis combining results from five pathway analysis methods and six pathway databases.
Figure 3: Multidimensional scaling plot of top 50 pathways with suggestive (<0.
Figure 4: Gene coexpression networks across brain development and regions for genes in all pathways with FDR < 0.1.

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Gene Expression Omnibus

Change history

  • 19 January 2015

    In the version of this article initially published, the affiliation numbers given for several authors were incorrect. Astrid M. Vicente was listed as associated with affiliations 234–236 instead of 233–235, Veronica J. Vieland as 237 instead of 236, Kenneth S. Kendler as 110, 253 and 254 instead of 110, 252 and 253, and Zhaoming Zhao as 255 instead of 254 and 255. The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

  • 28 April 2015

    In the version of this article initially published, the name of author Zhongming Zhao was misspelled Zhaoming Zhao. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

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Acknowledgements

G.B. and S.N. acknowledge funding support for this work from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. P.H.L. is supported by US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant K99MH101367. The PGC Cross-Disorder Group is supported by NIMH grant U01 MH085520. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer, which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NOW; 480-05-003; principal investigator D.P.) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and VU University. Numerous (>100) grants from government agencies along with substantial private and foundation support worldwide enabled the collection of phenotype and genotype data, without which this research would not be possible.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Walter J Muir and Zhongming Zhao: Deceased.

  2. Colm O'Dushlaine, Lizzy Rossin, Phil H Lee, Peter A Holmans and Gerome Breen: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY

    Colm O'Dushlaine

  2. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Colm O'Dushlaine, Lizzy Rossin, Laramie Duncan, Stephan Ripke, Benjamin M Neale, Shaun M Purcell, Roy H Perlis, Verneri Anttila, Soumya Raychaudhuri & Mark J Daly

  3. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Phil H Lee, Roy H Perlis, Sarah E Bergen & Jordan W Smoller

  4. Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Laramie Duncan, Stephan Ripke, Benjamin M Neale, Shaun M Purcell, Sarah E Bergen, Kimberly Chambert, Steven A McCarroll, Jennifer L Moran, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Edward Scolnick, Mark J Daly & Jordan W Smoller

  5. Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Neelroop N Parikshak

  6. Medical Research Council (MRC) Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, King's College London, The Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK

    Stephen Newhouse, Philip Asherson, David A Collier, Ian W Craig, Anne E Farmer, Jonna Kuntsi, Cathryn M Lewis, Peter McGuffin & Gerome Breen

  7. National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and Insitute of Psychiatry, London, UK

    Stephen Newhouse & Gerome Breen

  8. Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Shaun M Purcell & Douglas Ruderfer

  9. Department of Functional Genomics, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  10. Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  11. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  12. Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    John I Nurnberger

  13. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    John I Nurnberger

  14. The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    S Hong Lee, Bryan J Mowry, Enda M Byrne & Naomi R Wray

  15. Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Stephen V Faraone

  16. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Stephen V Faraone

  17. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia

    Bryan J Mowry

  18. MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    Anita Thapar, Christine Fraser, Lyudmila Georgieva, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Detelina Grozeva, Ian Jones, George K Kirov, Valentina Moskvina, Ivan Nikolov, Michael J Owen, Nigel Williams, Stanley Zammit, Michael C O'Donovan, Nicholas Craddock & Peter A Holmans

  19. Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    Anita Thapar, Christine Fraser, Lyudmila Georgieva, Ian Jones, George K Kirov, Ivan Nikolov, Michael J Owen, Nigel Williams, Stanley Zammit, Pamela Sklar, Michael C O'Donovan & Nicholas Craddock

  20. Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael E Goddard

  21. Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael E Goddard

  22. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    John S Witte, Tatiana Foroud & Daniel L Koller

  23. HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

    Devin Absher & Richard M Myers

  24. KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Ingrid Agartz, Ole A Andreassen, Srdjan Djurovic, Morten Mattingsdal & Ingrid Melle

  25. Department of Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Ingrid Agartz

  26. Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Huda Akil, Fan Meng, Robert C Thompson & Stanley J Watson

  27. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Farooq Amin

  28. Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Ole A Andreassen & Ingrid Melle

  29. Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, London, UK

    Adebayo Anjorin, Nicholas Bass, Khalid Choudhury, Hugh Gurling, Radhika Kandaswamy, Robert Krasucki, Jacob Lawrence, Andrew McQuillin, Jonathan Pimm & Vinay Puri

  30. Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Richard Anney, Paul Cormican, Aiden Corvin, Gary J Donohoe, Louise Gallagher, Michael Gill, Elaine Kenny, Derek W Morris, Emma M Quinn & Peter M Visscher

  31. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Dan E Arking & Aravinda Chakravarti

  32. Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Maria H Azevedo & Guiomar Oliveira

  33. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lena Backlund, Louise Frisén, Urban Osby & Martin Schalling

  34. Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Judith A Badner & Elliot S Gershon

  35. Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Anthony J Bailey

  36. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

    Tobias Banaschewski

  37. Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA

    Jack D Barchas

  38. GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK

    Michael R Barnes

  39. Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Thomas B Barrett

  40. Stella Maris Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy

    Agatino Battaglia

  41. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany

    Michael Bauer

  42. Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain

    Mònica Bayés

  43. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France

    Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

  44. Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France

    Frank Bellivier

  45. Assistance Publique–Höpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisiere, F Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, Paris, France

    Frank Bellivier

  46. ENBREC (European Network of Bipolar Research Expert Centres) Group, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France

    Frank Bellivier, Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

  47. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Sarah E Bergen, Christina M Hultman, Anna K Kähler, Mikael Landén, Niklas Längström, Paul Lichtenstein & Patrik K E Magnusson

  48. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Wade Berrettini, Josephine Elia & Falk W Lohoff

  49. INSERM U952, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

  50. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7224, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

  51. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

    Catalina Betancur

  52. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

    Thomas Bettecken, Elisabeth B Binder, Darina Czamara, Florian Holsboer, Marcus Ising, Martin A Kohli, Susanne Lucae, Bertram Müller-Myhsok & Manfred Uhr

  53. Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Joseph Biederman

  54. Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

    Donald W Black, William H Coryell, James B Potash & Thomas H Wassink

  55. Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

    Douglas H R Blackwood, Donald J MacIntyre, Kevin A McGhee, Andrew McIntosh, Alan W McLean, Walter J Muir & Benjamin S Pickard

  56. The Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Cinnamon S Bloss, Nicholas J Schork & Erin N Smith

  57. Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA

    Cinnamon S Bloss

  58. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Phoenix Kwan, Laura J Scott, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

  59. Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Phoenix Kwan, Laura J Scott, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

  60. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Christel M Middeldorp & Gonneke Willemsen

  61. EMGO+ (ExtraMuraalGeneeskundig Onderzoek) Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit, Gerard Van Grootheest & Gonneke Willemsen

  62. Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J De Geus, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Christel M Middeldorp & Brenda W Penninx

  63. Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    René Breuer, Josef Frank, Sandra Meier, Marcella Rietschel, Jana Strohmaier, Jens Treutlein & Stephanie H Witt

  64. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Richard Bruggeman

  65. School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Nancy G Buccola

  66. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

    Jan K Buitelaar & Barbara Franke

  67. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

    William E Bunney

  68. Department of Psychiatry, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Joseph D Buxbaum

  69. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    William F Byerley, Steven P Hamilton & Lauren A Weiss

  70. NCIRE (Northern California Institute of Q Research and Education), San Francisco, California, USA

    William F Byerley

  71. Department of Psychiatry, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK

    Sian Caesar, Katherine Gordon-Smith & Lisa Jones

  72. Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Wiepke Cahn & René S Kahn

  73. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Rita M Cantor

  74. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en el Area de Salud Mental), Barcelona, Spain

    Miguel Casas, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga & Marta Ribasés

  75. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Miguel Casas & Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga

  76. Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Sven Cichon, Franziska Degenhardt, Stefan Herms, Thomas W Mühleisen & Markus M Nöthen

  77. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany

    Sven Cichon

  78. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Sven Cichon, Manuel Mattheisen, Franziska Degenhardt, Thomas W Mühleisen, Markus M Nöthen, Peter Propping & Johannes Schumacher

  79. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Sven Cichon & Stefan Herms

  80. The Lundbeck Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Roskilde, Denmark

    Manuel Mattheisen, Thomas F Hansen, Andrés Ingason, Edward G Jones, Line Olsen, Henrik B Rasmussen & Thomas Werge

  81. Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Manuel Mattheisen

  82. Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Manuel Mattheisen

  83. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    C Robert Cloninger, Andrew C Heath, Pamela A F Madden, Michele L Pergadia & Alexandre A Todorov

  84. Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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  85. Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Hilary Coon & William M McMahon

  86. Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Bru Cormand

  87. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain

    Bru Cormand

  88. Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain

    Bru Cormand

  89. The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

    David W Craig & Szabocls Szelinger

  90. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Jennifer Crosbie & Russell Schachar

  91. John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Michael L Cuccaro & Margaret A Pericak-Vance

  92. East London NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK

    David Curtis

  93. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany

    Darina Czamara & Bertram Müller-Myhsok

  94. Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK

    Susmita Datta

  95. Autism Speaks, New York, New York, USA

    Geraldine Dawson

  96. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Geraldine Dawson

  97. Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Geraldine Dawson & Joseph Piven

  98. Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK

    Richard Day & Keith Matthews

  99. Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Srdjan Djurovic

  100. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Alysa E Doyle

  101. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University Health System and University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA

    Jubao Duan, Pablo V Gejman & Alan R Sanders

  102. Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Frank Dudbridge

  103. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

    Eftichia Duketis, Christine M Freitag & Fritz Poustka

  104. Psychology Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore

    Richard P Ebstein

  105. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Howard J Edenberg

  106. AI Dupont Hospital for Children, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Josephine Elia

  107. School of Medicine, Medical Science University College, Dublin, Ireland

    Sean Ennis

  108. Département de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Höpital H Mondor–A Chenevier, Créteil, France

    Bruno Etain, Stéphane Jamain & Marion Leboyer

  109. Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

    Ayman Fanous

  110. Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Ayman Fanous, Michael C Neale & Kenneth S Kendler

  111. Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    I Nicol Ferrier, Jeremy R Parr & Allan H Young

  112. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Eric Fombonne

  113. Institute for Development & Disability, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Eric Fombonne

  114. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA

    Robert Freedman & Ann Olincy

  115. Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Nelson B Freimer, Sandra K Loo, Stan F Nelson, Roel A Ophoff & Susan L Smalley

  116. Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany

    Marion Friedl, Ina Giegling, Annette M Hartmann, Bettina Konte & Dan Rujescu

  117. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Scott D Gordon, Anjali K Henders, Nicholas G Martin, Sarah E Medland, Grant W Montgomery & Dale R Nyholt

  118. Department of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK

    Elaine K Green

  119. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

    Tiffany A Greenwood, Rebecca McKinney, Caroline M Nievergelt, Paul D Shilling & John R Kelsoe

  120. Division of Tics, OCD and Related Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Dorothy E Grice

  121. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

    Dorothy E Grice & Jeremy M Silverman

  122. Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Magdalena Gross, Susanne Hoefels & Wolfgang Maier

  123. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Weihua Guan

  124. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Lieuwe De Haan

  125. Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Jonathan L Haines

  126. Division of Human Genetics, The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Hakon Hakonarson

  127. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Hakon Hakonarson

  128. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Joachim Hallmayer

  129. Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Marian L Hamshere & Martin Hautzinger

  130. Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark

    Thomas F Hansen, Andrés Ingason, Edward G Jones, Line Olsen, Henrik B Rasmussen & Thomas Werge

  131. Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Ian B Hickie

  132. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

    Maria Hipolito, William B Lawson & Evaristus A Nwulia

  133. Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Witte J Hoogendijk

  134. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Vanessa Hus

  135. Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

    Jung-Ying Tzeng

  136. Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Matthew C Keller

  137. Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    James L Kennedy

  138. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

    Lindsey Kent

  139. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Yunjung Kim & Patrick F Sullivan

  140. Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

    Sabine M Klauck

  141. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Lambertus Klei & Bernie Devlin

  142. Department of Psychiatry, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    James A Knowles, Helena Medeiros, Carlos N Pato & Michele T Pato

  143. Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Ania Korszun

  144. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, the Netherlands

    Lydia Krabbendam, Inez Myin-Germeys & Jim Van Os

  145. Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Mikael Landén

  146. Centre National de Genotypage, Evry, France

    Mark Lathrop

  147. Geisinger Health System, Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA

    David H Ledbetter & Christa L Martin

  148. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital Division of the North Shore, Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, New York, USA

    Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

  149. Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA

    Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

  150. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA

    Todd Lencz & Anil K Malhotra

  151. Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, ADHD Clinical Research Unit, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Klaus-Peter Lesch

  152. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHENS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

    Klaus-Peter Lesch

  153. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Douglas F Levinson

  154. Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Jun Li

  155. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    Jeffrey A Lieberman & Patrick J McGrath

  156. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Dan-Yu Lin

  157. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Don H Linszen

  158. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Chunyu Liu

  159. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Sandra K Loo & Susan L Smalley

  160. Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, New York, USA

    Catherine Lord

  161. Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Jennifer K Lowe & Daniel H Geschwind

  162. Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Jennifer K Lowe & Daniel H Geschwind

  163. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Elena Maestrini

  164. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Pamela B Mahon & Thomas G Schulze

  165. Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Orange, Connecticut, USA

    Shrikant M Mane

  166. Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway

    Morten Mattingsdal

  167. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    James J McGough

  168. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Melvin G McInnis, Peng Zhang & Sebastian Zöllner

  169. Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Andrew McIntosh, Alan W McLean, Walter J Muir & Benjamin S Pickard

  170. National Institute of Mental Health, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Francis J McMahon

  171. Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Trier University, Trier, Germany

    Jobst Meyer

  172. Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Lefkos Middleton

  173. Department of Psychiatry, First Psychiatric Clinic, Alexander University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Vihra Milanova

  174. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Ana Miranda

  175. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Anthony P Monaco

  176. Office of the President, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA

    Anthony P Monaco

  177. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Daniel Moreno-De-Luca, Stephan J Sanders & Matthew State

  178. Department of Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

    Gunnar Morken

  179. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Gunnar Morken

  180. Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Eric M Morrow

  181. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Eric M Morrow

  182. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

    Valentina Moskvina & Peter A Holmans

  183. Neurosciences Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Verona, Italy

    Pierandrea Muglia & Federica Tozzi

  184. Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas W Mühleisen

  185. Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Michael Murtha, Matthew State & A Jeremy Willsey

  186. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Vishwajit Nimgaonkar & Stephan J Sanders

  187. Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Vishwajit Nimgaonkar

  188. Department of Psychiatry, Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands

    Willem A Nolen

  189. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Robert D Oades

  190. Research and Clinical Training Department, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Guiomar Oliveira

  191. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Roel A Ophoff

  192. Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

    Aarno Palotie & Karola Rehnström

  193. Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Andrew D Paterson

  194. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Andrew D Paterson & Wei Xu

  195. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit & Gerard Van Grootheest

  196. Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Digby J Quested

  197. Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Andreas Reif

  198. Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

    Marta Ribasés

  199. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

    John P Rice

  200. Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Kathryn Roeder

  201. Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Herbert Roeyers & Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

  202. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Aribert Rothenberger

  203. Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Guy Rouleau

  204. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Stephan J Sanders, Matthew State & A Jeremy Willsey

  205. Program on Neurogenetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Stephan J Sanders

  206. Department of Psychiatry, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA

    Susan L Santangelo

  207. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Susan L Santangelo

  208. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Joseph A Sergeant

  209. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA

    Alan F Schatzberg

  210. Rush Ambulatory Behavioral Health, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    William A Scheftner

  211. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Gerard D Schellenberg

  212. The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Stephen W Scherer

  213. The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA

    Nicholas J Schork & Erin N Smith

  214. Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Thomas G Schulze

  215. Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany

    Markus Schwarz

  216. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Jianxin Shi

  217. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Stanley I Shyn

  218. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Susan L Slager

  219. Developmental Brain & Behaviour Laboratory, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke

  220. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK

    David St. Clair

  221. Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany

    Michael Steffens

  222. Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  223. Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  224. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Hans-Christoph Steinhausen

  225. Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    John S Strauss

  226. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

    T Scott Stroup & John B Vincent

  227. Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    James S Sutcliffe

  228. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Peter Szatmari

  229. Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Peter Szatmari

  230. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Peter Szatmari

  231. Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Marlborough House Secure Unit, Milton Keynes, UK

    Srinivasa Thirumalai

  232. Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Edwin J C G van den Oord

  233. Instituto Nacional de Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal

    Astrid M Vicente

  234. BioFIG—Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal

    Astrid M Vicente

  235. Instituto Gulbenkian de Cîencia, Lisbon, Portugal

    Astrid M Vicente

  236. Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Veronica J Vieland

  237. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  238. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  239. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  240. Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher A Walsh

  241. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Myrna M Weissman

  242. Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thomas Werge

  243. Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Thomas F Wienker

  244. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Ellen M Wijsman

  245. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Ellen M Wijsman

  246. Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK

    Allan H Young

  247. Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Timothy W Yu

  248. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Peter P Zandi

  249. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

    Frans G Zitman

  250. Department of Psychiatry, Special Treatment and Evaluation Program (STEP), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

    John R Kelsoe

  251. Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Kenneth S Kendler

  252. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Kenneth S Kendler

  253. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Zhongming Zhao

  254. Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Zhongming Zhao

Consortia

The Network and Pathway Analysis Subgroup of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium

  • Colm O'Dushlaine
  • , Lizzy Rossin
  • , Phil H Lee
  • , Laramie Duncan
  • , Neelroop N Parikshak
  • , Stephen Newhouse
  • , Stephan Ripke
  • , Benjamin M Neale
  • , Shaun M Purcell
  • , Danielle Posthuma
  • , John I Nurnberger
  • , S Hong Lee
  • , Stephen V Faraone
  • , Roy H Perlis
  • , Bryan J Mowry
  • , Anita Thapar
  • , Michael E Goddard
  • , John S Witte
  • , Devin Absher
  • , Ingrid Agartz
  • , Huda Akil
  • , Farooq Amin
  • , Ole A Andreassen
  • , Adebayo Anjorin
  • , Richard Anney
  • , Verneri Anttila
  • , Dan E Arking
  • , Philip Asherson
  • , Maria H Azevedo
  • , Lena Backlund
  • , Judith A Badner
  • , Anthony J Bailey
  • , Tobias Banaschewski
  • , Jack D Barchas
  • , Michael R Barnes
  • , Thomas B Barrett
  • , Nicholas Bass
  • , Agatino Battaglia
  • , Michael Bauer
  • , Mònica Bayés
  • , Frank Bellivier
  • , Sarah E Bergen
  • , Wade Berrettini
  • , Catalina Betancur
  • , Thomas Bettecken
  • , Joseph Biederman
  • , Elisabeth B Binder
  • , Donald W Black
  • , Douglas H R Blackwood
  • , Cinnamon S Bloss
  • , Michael Boehnke
  • , Dorret I Boomsma
  • , René Breuer
  • , Richard Bruggeman
  • , Paul Cormican
  • , Nancy G Buccola
  • , Jan K Buitelaar
  • , William E Bunney
  • , Joseph D Buxbaum
  • , William F Byerley
  • , Enda M Byrne
  • , Sian Caesar
  • , Wiepke Cahn
  • , Rita M Cantor
  • , Miguel Casas
  • , Aravinda Chakravarti
  • , Kimberly Chambert
  • , Khalid Choudhury
  • , Sven Cichon
  • , Manuel Mattheisen
  • , C Robert Cloninger
  • , David A Collier
  • , Edwin H Cook
  • , Hilary Coon
  • , Bru Cormand
  • , Aiden Corvin
  • , William H Coryell
  • , David W Craig
  • , Ian W Craig
  • , Jennifer Crosbie
  • , Michael L Cuccaro
  • , David Curtis
  • , Darina Czamara
  • , Susmita Datta
  • , Geraldine Dawson
  • , Richard Day
  • , Eco J De Geus
  • , Franziska Degenhardt
  • , Srdjan Djurovic
  • , Gary J Donohoe
  • , Alysa E Doyle
  • , Jubao Duan
  • , Frank Dudbridge
  • , Eftichia Duketis
  • , Richard P Ebstein
  • , Howard J Edenberg
  • , Josephine Elia
  • , Sean Ennis
  • , Bruno Etain
  • , Ayman Fanous
  • , Anne E Farmer
  • , I Nicol Ferrier
  • , Matthew Flickinger
  • , Eric Fombonne
  • , Tatiana Foroud
  • , Josef Frank
  • , Barbara Franke
  • , Christine Fraser
  • , Robert Freedman
  • , Nelson B Freimer
  • , Christine M Freitag
  • , Marion Friedl
  • , Louise Frisén
  • , Louise Gallagher
  • , Pablo V Gejman
  • , Lyudmila Georgieva
  • , Elliot S Gershon
  • , Ina Giegling
  • , Michael Gill
  • , Scott D Gordon
  • , Katherine Gordon-Smith
  • , Elaine K Green
  • , Tiffany A Greenwood
  • , Dorothy E Grice
  • , Magdalena Gross
  • , Detelina Grozeva
  • , Weihua Guan
  • , Hugh Gurling
  • , Lieuwe De Haan
  • , Jonathan L Haines
  • , Hakon Hakonarson
  • , Joachim Hallmayer
  • , Steven P Hamilton
  • , Marian L Hamshere
  • , Thomas F Hansen
  • , Annette M Hartmann
  • , Martin Hautzinger
  • , Andrew C Heath
  • , Anjali K Henders
  • , Stefan Herms
  • , Ian B Hickie
  • , Maria Hipolito
  • , Susanne Hoefels
  • , Florian Holsboer
  • , Witte J Hoogendijk
  • , Jouke-Jan Hottenga
  • , Christina M Hultman
  • , Vanessa Hus
  • , Andrés Ingason
  • , Marcus Ising
  • , Stéphane Jamain
  • , Edward G Jones
  • , Ian Jones
  • , Lisa Jones
  • , Jung-Ying Tzeng
  • , Anna K Kähler
  • , René S Kahn
  • , Radhika Kandaswamy
  • , Matthew C Keller
  • , James L Kennedy
  • , Elaine Kenny
  • , Lindsey Kent
  • , Yunjung Kim
  • , George K Kirov
  • , Sabine M Klauck
  • , Lambertus Klei
  • , James A Knowles
  • , Martin A Kohli
  • , Daniel L Koller
  • , Bettina Konte
  • , Ania Korszun
  • , Lydia Krabbendam
  • , Robert Krasucki
  • , Jonna Kuntsi
  • , Phoenix Kwan
  • , Mikael Landén
  • , Niklas Längström
  • , Mark Lathrop
  • , Jacob Lawrence
  • , William B Lawson
  • , Marion Leboyer
  • , David H Ledbetter
  • , Todd Lencz
  • , Klaus-Peter Lesch
  • , Douglas F Levinson
  • , Cathryn M Lewis
  • , Jun Li
  • , Paul Lichtenstein
  • , Jeffrey A Lieberman
  • , Dan-Yu Lin
  • , Don H Linszen
  • , Chunyu Liu
  • , Falk W Lohoff
  • , Sandra K Loo
  • , Catherine Lord
  • , Jennifer K Lowe
  • , Susanne Lucae
  • , Donald J MacIntyre
  • , Pamela A F Madden
  • , Elena Maestrini
  • , Patrik K E Magnusson
  • , Pamela B Mahon
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  • , Sarah E Medland
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  • , Margaret A Pericak-Vance
  • , Benjamin S Pickard
  • , Jonathan Pimm
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  • , Henrik B Rasmussen
  • , Soumya Raychaudhuri
  • , Karola Rehnström
  • , Andreas Reif
  • , Marta Ribasés
  • , John P Rice
  • , Marcella Rietschel
  • , Kathryn Roeder
  • , Herbert Roeyers
  • , Aribert Rothenberger
  • , Guy Rouleau
  • , Douglas Ruderfer
  • , Dan Rujescu
  • , Alan R Sanders
  • , Stephan J Sanders
  • , Susan L Santangelo
  • , Joseph A Sergeant
  • , Russell Schachar
  • , Martin Schalling
  • , Alan F Schatzberg
  • , William A Scheftner
  • , Gerard D Schellenberg
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  • , Nicholas J Schork
  • , Thomas G Schulze
  • , Johannes Schumacher
  • , Markus Schwarz
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  • , Laura J Scott
  • , Jianxin Shi
  • , Paul D Shilling
  • , Stanley I Shyn
  • , Jeremy M Silverman
  • , Susan L Slager
  • , Susan L Smalley
  • , Johannes H Smit
  • , Erin N Smith
  • , Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
  • , David St. Clair
  • , Matthew State
  • , Michael Steffens
  • , Hans-Christoph Steinhausen
  • , John S Strauss
  • , Jana Strohmaier
  • , T Scott Stroup
  • , James S Sutcliffe
  • , Peter Szatmari
  • , Szabocls Szelinger
  • , Srinivasa Thirumalai
  • , Robert C Thompson
  • , Alexandre A Todorov
  • , Federica Tozzi
  • , Jens Treutlein
  • , Manfred Uhr
  • , Edwin J C G van den Oord
  • , Gerard Van Grootheest
  • , Jim Van Os
  • , Astrid M Vicente
  • , Veronica J Vieland
  • , John B Vincent
  • , Peter M Visscher
  • , Christopher A Walsh
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  • , Stanley J Watson
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  • , Thomas Werge
  • , Thomas F Wienker
  • , Ellen M Wijsman
  • , Gonneke Willemsen
  • , Nigel Williams
  • , A Jeremy Willsey
  • , Stephanie H Witt
  • , Wei Xu
  • , Allan H Young
  • , Timothy W Yu
  • , Stanley Zammit
  • , Peter P Zandi
  • , Peng Zhang
  • , Frans G Zitman
  • , Sebastian Zöllner
  • , International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC)
  • , Bernie Devlin
  • , John R Kelsoe
  • , Pamela Sklar
  • , Mark J Daly
  • , Michael C O'Donovan
  • , Nicholas Craddock
  • , Kenneth S Kendler
  • , Lauren A Weiss
  • , Naomi R Wray
  • , Zhongming Zhao
  • , Daniel H Geschwind
  • , Patrick F Sullivan
  • , Jordan W Smoller
  • , Peter A Holmans
  •  & Gerome Breen

Contributions

Project conception: G.B., P.F.S., P.A.H. Analysis: C.O'D., P.H.L., P.A.H., G.B., S.R., L.R., L.D., S.N. Writing of the manuscript: G.B., C.O'D. P.A.H., P.H.L., L.R., L.D., N.P. Quality control for PGC data: S. Ripke and B.M.N. Revisions to the manuscript: G.B., D.H.G., C.O'D., L.R., P.H.L., N.P. PGC Network and Pathway Analysis Workgroup: S.R., B.M.N., S.M.P., D.H.G., P.A.H., P.H.L., M.M., C.O'D., D.P., L.R., L.D., P.F.S., J.W.S., N.R.W., Z.Z. PGC Workgroup Chairs: M.J.D. (analysis), S.V.F. (ADHD), M.J.D. and B.D. (co-chairs ASD), G.B. and P.A.H. (Network and Pathway Analysis subgroup), J.K. and P. Sklar (co-chairs bipolar disorder), P.F.S. (major depressive disorder), M.C.O'D. (schizophrenia) and J.W.S. and K.S.K. (co-chairs cross-disorder group). Collection, genotyping and analysis for PGC Working Groups. PGC ADHD Working Group: B.M.N., S.V.F., A.T., R.A., P.A., T. Banaschewski, M. Bayés, J.B., J.K.B., M.C., B.C., J.C., A.E.D., R.P.E., J.E., B.F., C.M.F., L. Kent, J.K., K.-P.L., S.K.L., J.M., J.J.M., S.E.M., J.M.S., A. Miranda, S.F.N., R.D.O., J.A.R.-Q., A. Reif, M. Ribasés, H.R., A. Rothenberger, J.A.S., R.S., S.L. Smalley, E.J.S.S.-B., H.-C.S., A.A.T. and N.W. PGC ASD Working Group: R.A., D.E.A., A.J.B., A.B., C.B., J.D. Buxbaum, A. Chakravarti, E.H.C., H.C., M.L.C., G.D., E.D., S.E., E.F., C.M.F., L. Gallagher, D.H.G., M. Gill, D.E.G., J.L.H., H.H., J.H., V.H., S.M.K., L. Klei, D.H. Ledbetter, C. Lord, J.K.L., E.M., S.M.M., C.L.M., W.M.M., A.P.M., D.M.-D.-L., E.M.M., M. Murtha, G.O., A.P., J.R.P., A.D.P., M.A.P.-V., J. Piven, F.P., K. Rehnström, K. Roeder, G.R., S.J.S., S.L. Santangelo, G.D.S., S.W.S., M. State, J.S. Sutcliffe, P. Szatmari, A.M.V., V.J.V., C.A.W., T.H.W., E.M.W., A.J.W., T.W.Y., B.D. and M.J.D. PGC BPD Working Group: S.M.P., D.A., H.A., O.A.A., A.A., L.B., J.A.B., J.D. Barchas, T.B.B., N.B., M. Bauer, F.B., S.E.B., W.B., D.H.R.B., C.S.B., M. Boehnke, G.B., R. Breuer, W.E.B., W.F.B., S. Caesar, K. Chambert, S. Cichon, D.A.C., A. Corvin, W.H.C., D.W.C., R.D., F. Degenhardt, S. Djurovic, F. Dudbridge, H.J.E., B.E., A.E.F., I.N.F., M. Flickinger, T.F., J.F., C.F., L.F., E.S.G., M. Gill, K.G.-S., E.K.G., T.A.G., D.G., W.G., H.G., M.L.H., M. Hautzinger, S. Herms, M. Hipolito, P.A.H., C.M.H., S.J., E.G.J., I.J., L.J., R. Kandaswamy, J.L.K., G.K.K., D.L.K., P.K., M. Landén, N.L., M. Lathrop, J. Lawrence, W.B.L., M. Leboyer, P.H.L., J. Li, P.L., D.-Y.L., C. Liu, F.W.L., S.L., P.B.M., W.M., N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, K.M., M. Mattingsdal, K.A.M., P.M., M.G.M., A. McIntosh, R.M., A.W.M., F.J.M., A. McQuillin, S.M., I.M., F.M., G.W.M., J.L.M., G.M., D.W.M., V. Moskvina, P.M., T.W.M., W.J.M., B.M.-M., R.M.M., C.M.N., I.N., V.N., M.M.N., J.I.N., E.A.N., C.O., U.O., M.J.O., B.S.P., J.B.P., P.P., E.M.Q., S. Raychaudhuri, A. Reif, J.P.R., M. Rietschel, D. Ruderfer, M. Schalling, A.F.S., W.A.S., N.J.S., T.G.S., J. Schumacher, M. Schwarz, E.S., L.J.S., P.D.S., E.N.S., D.S.C., M. Steffens, J.S. Strauss, J. Strohmaier, S.S., R.C.T., F.T., J.T., J.B.V., S.J.W., T.F.W., S.H.W., W.X., A.H.Y., P.P.Z., P.Z., S. Zöllner, J.R.K., P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O. and N.C. PGC MDD Working Group: M.R.B., T. Bettecken, E.B.B., D.H.R.B., D.I.B., G.B., R. Breuer, S. Cichon, W.H.C., I.W.C., D. Czamara, E.J.D.G., F. Degenhardt, A.E.F., J.F., S.D.G., M. Gross, S.P.H., A.C.H., A.K.H., S. Herms, I.B.H., F.H., W.J.H., S. Hoefels, J.-J.H., M.I., I.J., L.J., J.-Y.T., J.A.K., M.A.K., A.K., W.B.L., D.F.L., C.M.L., D.-Y.L., S.L., D.J.M., P.A.F.M., W.M., N.G.M., M. Mattheisen, P.J.M., P.M., A. McIntosh, A.W.M., C.M.M., L.M., G.W.M., P.M., B.M.-M., W.A.N., M.M.N., D.R.N., B.W.P., M.L.P., J.B.P., M. Rietschel, W.A.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, S.I.S., S.L. Slager, J.H.S., M. Steffens, F.T., J.T., M.U., E.J.C.G.v.d.O., G.V.G., M.M.W., G.W., F.G.Z., P.F.S. and N.R.W. PGC SCZ Working Group: S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., B.J.M., I.A., F.A., O.A.A., M.H.A., N.B., D.W.B., D.H.R.B., R. Bruggeman, N.G.B., W.F.B., W.C., R.M.C., K. Choudhury, S. Cichon, C.R.C., P.C., A. Corvin, D. Curtis, S. Datta, S. Djurovic, G.J.D., J.D., F. Dudbridge, A.F., R.F., N.B.F., M. Friedl, P.V.G., L. Georgieva, I.G., M. Gill, H.G., L.D.H., M.L.H., T.F.H., A.M.H., P.A.H., C.M.H., A.I., A.K.K., R.S.K., M.C.K., E.K., Y.K., G.K.K., B.K., L. Krabbendam, R. Krasucki, J. Lawrence, P.H.L., T.L., D.F.L., J.A.L., D.-Y.L., D.H. Linszen, P.K.E.M., W.M., A.K.M., M. Mattheisen, M. Mattingsdal, S.M., S.A.M., A. McIntosh, A. McQuillin, H.M., I.M., V. Milanova, D.W.M., V. Moskvina, I.M.-G., M.M.N., C.O., A.O., L.O., R.A.O., M.J.O., C.N.P., M.T.P., B.S.P., J. Pimm, D.P., V.P., D.J.Q., H.B.R., M. Rietschel, L.R., D. Ruderfer, D. Rujescu, A.R.S., T.G.S., J. Shi, J.M.S., D.S.C., T.S.S., S.T., J.V.O., P.M.V., T.W., S. Zammit, P. Sklar, M.J.D., M.C.O., N.C., P.F.S. and K.S.K. PGC Cross-Disorder Group Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., R.H.P., A.T., A.F., M.C.N., J.I.N., B.W.P., M. Rietschel, T.G.S., N.C., S.L. Santangelo, P.F.S., J.W.S., K.S.K. and N.R.W. PGC Analysis Working Group: S.H.L., S. Ripke, B.M.N., S.M.P., V.A., E.M.B., P.H.L., S.E.M., M.C.N., D.P., G.B., M.J.D. and N.R.W.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Peter A Holmans or Gerome Breen.

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Competing interests

G.B. is a consultant in PreClinical Genetics at Eli Lilly.

Integrated supplementary information

Supplementary Figure 1 Observed and expected (shown as ranges representing 95% confidence intervals) number of significant pathways overlapping between different sets of results from different methods.

(a) Analysis conducted using the SCZ dataset, top 25% of each method. (b) Analysis conducted using the NULL dataset, top 25% of each method.

Supplementary Figure 2 Quantile-quantile plots summarizing combined p-values for each method on different phenotypes.

Order is (a) SCZ, (b) BIP, (c) MDD, (d) AUT, (e) ADD, (f) null data from permutations and, (g) HIV.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Figures 1 and 2, Supplementary Analysis, and Supplementary Tables 1–4, 6 and 12–16 (PDF 280 kb)

Supplementary Methods Checklist (PDF 345 kb)

Supplementary Table 5

Pathway results for each disease/cross-disease dataset (XLS 21847 kb)

Supplementary Table 7

Ranked list of pathways when combined across 3 well-powered disease groups. (XLS 3804 kb)

Supplementary Table 8

Ranked list of pathways when combined across SCZ, HIV and NULL datasets. (XLS 3803 kb)

Supplementary Table 9

Details related to module-level summaries of spatial, temporal, and cell-type specific expression patterns. (XLSX 184 kb)

Supplementary Table 10

Ranked list of pathways when combined across all 5 disease groups. (XLS 3959 kb)

Supplementary Table 11

P values for the SNPs in each gene in each disorder and their pathways membership are presented for all pathways with q < 0.1. (XLSX 639 kb)

Supplementary Table 17

Information related to the supervised network analysis of 797 genes, specifying gene set membership from the 3 major pathways, module membership, and relative connectivity (kME) to each module. (XLSX 171 kb)

Supplementary Data

Source data for Figure 3 (ZIP 1200 kb)

Supplementary Software

PGC pathway network analysis code (TXT 22 kb)

Source data

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The Network and Pathway Analysis Subgroup of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways. Nat Neurosci 18, 199–209 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3922

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