Abstract
We extended thermal proteome profiling to detect transmembrane protein–small molecule interactions in cultured human cells. When we assessed the effects of detergents on ATP-binding profiles, we observed shifts in denaturation temperature for ATP-binding transmembrane proteins. We also observed cellular thermal shifts in pervanadate-induced T cell–receptor signaling, delineating the membrane target CD45 and components of the downstream pathway, and with drugs affecting the transmembrane transporters ATP1A1 and MDR1.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. Stuhlfauth for cell culture; M. Jundt, K. Kammerer, M. Klös-Hudak, M. Paulmann, I. Tögel and T. Rudi for expert technical assistance; and C.-W. Chung, J.W. Polli and M. Zamek-Gliszczynski for helpful suggestions.
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F.B.M.R., M.M.S. and G.D. conceived the project; F.B.M.R., D.E., T.W., M.B., M.M.S. and G.D. designed the experiments; F.B.M.R., D.E. and T.W. conducted and supervised experiments; F.B.M.R., T.W., H.F., D.C., M.F.S., C.D., W.H., M.B., M.M.S. and G.D. contributed to data analysis; F.B.M.R. and M.B. contributed to the manuscript; and M.M.S. and G.D. wrote the manuscript.
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F.B.M.R., D.E., T.W., H.F., D.C., C.D., M.F.S., M.B., M.M.S. and G.D. are employees and/or shareholders of Cellzome GmbH and GlaxoSmithKline, companies that funded the work.
Integrated supplementary information
Supplementary Figure 1 Mild detergents do not resolubilize heat-precipitated proteins and thus are in principle compatible with TPP.
K562 cells were incubated at 37 °C or at 70 °C for two minutes, followed by cell lysis in PBS, or PBS supplemented with a set of nonionic, ionic and zwitterionic detergents at the concentrations indicated. Each treatment was performed as full biological replicate. Soluble fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by staining of proteins with colloidal Coomassie. The result indicates that cell lysis after heat treatment in the presence of mild detergents does not lead to resolubilization of aggregated proteins, unlike SDS extraction which does resolubilize heat-precipitated proteins.
DDM = n-Dodecyl-β-D-Maltopyranoside; OTG = n-octyl-β-d-thioglucopyranoside; No det. = no detergent
Supplementary Figure 2 The mild detergent NP-40 did not substantially affect the thermal stabilization of ATP-binding proteins after the addition of ATP to cell extract.
(a) 293 proteins with the GO annotation as “ATP-binding” and 1,233 other proteins pass the requirements for melting curve fitting and reproducibility in the vehicle conditions (for details see Methods section) in both +NP-40 and -NP-40 experiments. (b) In the set of proteins shown in (a), 136 “ATP-binding” proteins and 70 other proteins are stabilized upon addition of ATP by more than 1°C in both replicates of the +NP-40 condition, (c) 123 “ATP-binding” and 52 other proteins are stabilized by more than 1 °C in both replicates of the –NP-40 condition and (d) 99 “ATP-binding” and 27 other proteins are stabilized by more than 1 °C in both replicates of both conditions.
Note that because most ATP-binding proteins have an ATP affinity in the high µM to mM range, they are expected to exhibit only small Tm shifts upon addition of excess ATP. To assess the coverage of “ATP-binding” proteins in the +NP-40 and -NP-40 conditions, we considered shifts exceeding 1 °C in both biological replicates in either condition. The less strict requirement of 1 °C stabilization (compared to our normal requirement of a p-value below 0.05, see Methods) is expected to lead to false positives in the non-“ATP-binding” proteins, but the main fraction of stabilized proteins are still “ATP-binding” proteins. In particular, when proteins stabilized by 1 °C in both conditions are considered, the proportion of stabilized non-ATP binding proteins drops substantially as one would expect as a result of small Tm shifts becoming more robust with more experiments. The variation in the number of ATP binding proteins between the detergent and non-detergent condition as well as the overlap are in line with the typical reproducibility (i.e., around 80%) expected from biological replicates analyzed by shotgun proteomics.
Supplementary Figure 4 TCR pathway.
Many components of the T-cell receptor pathway exhibited thermal shifts after pervanadate treatment. Of the 47 proteins mapped to this pathway, 34 were identified with 11 being significantly shifted (data analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software). The T-cell receptor pathway had the second highest P value (7.9×10−7) after the 3-phosphoinositide degradation pathway (1.7×10−7) (Supplementary Table 7).
Supplementary Figure 5 3-Phosphoinositide degradation pathway.
Several components of the 3-phosphoinositide degradation pathway exhibited thermal shifts after pervanadate treatment. Of the 155 proteins mapped to this pathway, 66 were identified with 17 being shifted by more than 1.5 °C (data analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software - data in Supplementary Table 7). Notably all but one of the 17 pervanadate-affected proteins represent phosphatases:
ACP1 phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase
CDC25B M-phase inducer phosphatase 2
KIAA1274 Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like
MTM1 Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like
MTMR1 Lipid phosphatase with CX5R motif (Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like)
MTMR14 Lipid phosphatase with CX5R motif (Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like)
MTMR2 Lipid phosphatase with CX5R motif (Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like)
MTMR3 Lipid phosphatase with CX5R motif (Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like)
MTMR4 Lipid phosphatase with CX5R motif (Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like)
PPP3CA Protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme
PPP4R1 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4
PTPN2 Tyr-protein phosphatase
PTPN6 Tyr-protein phosphatase
PTPRC Tyr-protein phosphatase
RNGTT Prot-tyrosine_phosphatase-like
RASA1 Ras GTPase activating protein - tyrosine phosporylated
SYNJ1 Lipid phosphatase with CX5R motif
Supplementary Figure 6 Treatment of K562 cells with ouabain changed the thermal stability of Na+ and K+ pump subunits.
(a) Predicted topology of the Na+/K+ pump α-subunit ATP1A1 in the plasma membrane (wlab.ethz.ch/protter/) and chemical structure of ouabain. (b) Ouabain treatment of K562 cells leads to altered thermal behavior of ATP1A1. Cells were treated with 1 µM ouabain for 1 h, subjected to heat-treatment across the indicated temperature range and lysed in PBS supplemented with 0.4% NP-40. After centrifugation soluble fractions were analyzed by western blot using an ATP1A1 antibody. The 37 °C fraction derived from vehicle treated cells was loaded on both gels which allowed the calculation of a correction factor to compensate for differences in protein transfer efficiency. Western blot results from three full biological replicates are shown. (c) Concentration-dependent stabilisation of the Na+/K+ pump subunits ATP1A1 and ATP1B3. Two independent isothermal dose-response experiments were performed at 63 °C with ouabain-treated K562 cells. Soluble fractions were analyzed by mass spectrometry.
Supplementary Figure 7 Treatment of Caco-2 cells with elacridar led to thermal destabilization of the cognate target transporter MDR1.
(a) Predicted topology of MDR1 in the plasma membrane (wlab.ethz.ch/protter/) and chemical structure of elacridar. (b) Elacridar treatment of Caco-2 cells leads to altered thermal behavior of MDR1. Cells were treated with 1 µM elacridar for 1 h, trypsinized, subjected to heat-treatment across the indicated temperature range and lysed in PBS supplemented with 0.8% NP-40. After centrifugation soluble fractions were analyzed by western blot using an anti-MDR1 antibody. The 37 °C and 41 °C fractions derived from vehicle treated cells were loaded on both gels to enable correction of differences in protein transfer efficiency. Data shown summarize a representative experiment out of three independent experiments done. (c) Concentration-dependent destabilisation of MDR1 – western blot analysis. Caco-2 cells were treated with a concentration range of elacridar, followed by heating to either 54 °C or 56 °C (four replicates per temperature) and lysis in PBS supplemented with 0.8% NP-40. After centrifugation soluble fractions were analyzed by western blot using an anti-MDR1 antibody. To all SDS-PAGE gels an aliquot of untreated HepG2 cell lysate was added as reference (labelled ”Ref.”). (d) Concentration-dependent destabilisation of MDR1- mass spectrometry analysis. Five conditions of replicate four, 54 °C (vehicle and compound treated samples at 500 nM, 100 nM, 20 nM and 0.8 nM elacridar) and the corresponding conditions of replicate four, 56 °C were analyzed by mass spectrometry.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Text and Figures
Supplementary Figures 1–7 (PDF 1525 kb)
Supplementary Table 1
Thermal proteome profiling data showing effect of ATP on proteins in lysate extracted in absence of detergent. (XLSX 7182 kb)
Supplementary Table 2
Thermal proteome profiling data showing effect of ATP on proteins in lysate extracted in presence of detergent. (XLSX 8547 kb)
Supplementary Table 3
Comparison of effect of ATP in detergent versus non-detergent conditions (XLSX 1567 kb)
Supplementary Table 4
Thermal proteome profiling data obtained in intect cells showing effect of pervanadate on proteins and subsequent lysis in absence of detergent. (XLSX 8378 kb)
Supplementary Table 5
Thermal proteome profiling data obtained in intect cells showing effect of pervanadate on proteins and subsequent lysis in presence of detergent. (XLSX 9894 kb)
Supplementary Table 6
Comparison of effect of pervanadate on proteins in intact cells extracted post-heating in presence or absence of detergent. (XLSX 2334 kb)
Supplementary Table 7
Pathway analysis on proteins shifted by pervanadate treatment using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. (XLSX 29 kb)
Supplementary Table 8
Effect of a concentration range of oubain to the thermal stability proteins at 63 °C (XLSX 616 kb)
Supplementary Table 9
Effect of a concentration range of elacridar to the thermal stability proteins at 54 °C and 56 °C (XLSX 1382 kb)
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Reinhard, F., Eberhard, D., Werner, T. et al. Thermal proteome profiling monitors ligand interactions with cellular membrane proteins. Nat Methods 12, 1129–1131 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3652
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3652
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