Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Commentary
  • Published:

The era of carbon allotropes

Twenty-five years on from the discovery of C60, the outstanding properties and potential applications of the synthetic carbon allotropes — fullerenes, nanotubes and graphene — overwhelmingly illustrate their unique scientific and technological importance.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Relevant articles

Open Access articles citing this article.

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1: The world of synthetic carbon allotropes.
Figure 2: Possible derivatizations of C60 (ref. 6):
Figure 3
Figure 4: Some examples of elusive synthetic carbon allotropes:

References

  1. Karfunkel, H. R. & Dressler, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 2285–2288 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Diederich, F. & Rubin, Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 31, 1101–1123 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kroto, H. W. et al. Nature 318, 162–163 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Iijima, S. Nature 354, 56–58 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Novoselov, K. & Geim, A. et al. Science 306, 666–669 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Krätschmer, W. et al. Nature 347, 354–358 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hirsch, A. & Brettreich, M. Fullerenes – Chemistry and Reactions (Wiley, 2004).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Yang, H. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 886 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Aoyagi, S. et al. Nature Chem. 2, 678–683 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hirsch, A. & Vostrowsky, O. Top. Curr. Chem. 245, 193–237 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dennler, G. et al. Adv. Mater. 21, 1323–1338 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Friedman, S. H. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 6506–6509 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Liu, G-F. et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3991–3994 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Koudoumas, E. et al. Chem. Eur. J. 9, 1529 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Campidelli, S. et al. Chem. Commun. 4282–4284 (2006).

  16. Holczer, K. et al. Science 252, 1154–1157 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Allemand, P. M. et al. Science 253, 301–302 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Komatsu, K. et al. Science 307, 238–240 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Vostrowsky, O. & Hirsch, A. Chem. Rev. 106, 5191–5207 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Siegle, V. et al. Nano Lett. doi: 10.1021/nl101023u (2010).

  21. Shim, B. S. et al. Nano Lett. 8, 4151–4157 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bae, S. et al. Nature Nanotech. 5, 574–578 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Diederich, F. & Kivala, M. Adv. Mat. 22, 803–812 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

A.H. thanks GRAPENOCHEM and the Cluster of Excellence EAM for financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hirsch, A. The era of carbon allotropes. Nature Mater 9, 868–871 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2885

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2885

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing