Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Commentary
  • Published:

T-cell homeostasis in HIV infection is neither failing nor blind: Modified cell counts reflect an adaptive response of the host

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References

  1. Wei, X. et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 373, 117–122 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ho, D.D. et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 373, 123–126 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Margolick, J.B. et al. Changes in T and non-T lymphocyte subsets following sero-conversion to HIV-1: Stable CD3+ and declining CD2-populations suggest regulatory responses linked to loss of CD4 lymphocytes. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6, 153–161 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Adleman, L.M. & Wofsy, D. T-Cell homeostasis: implications in HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6, 144–152 (1993).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Margolick, J.B. et al. Failure of T-Cell homeostasis preceding AIDS in HIV-1 infection. [The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study]. Nature Med. 1, 674–680 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kelleher, A.D., Carr, A., Zaunders, J. & Cooper, D.A. Alterations in the immune response of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects treated with an HIV-specific protease inhibitor, ritonavir. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 321–329 (1996).7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Malone, J.L. et al. Abnormalities of morning serum cortisol levels and circadian rhythms of CD4+ lymphocyte counts in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adult patients. J. Infect. Dis. 165, 185–186 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Embretson, J. et al. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature 362, 359–362 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pantaleo, G. et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 362, 355–359 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Haase, A.T. et al. Quantitative image analysis of HIV-1 infection in lymphoid tissue. Science 274, 985–989 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wolthers, K.C. et al. T Cell telomere length in HIV-1 infection: No evidence for increased CD4+ T Cell turnover. Science 274, 1543–1547 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Butcher, E.C. & Picker, L.J. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272, 60–66 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Westermann, J. & Pabst, R. How organ-specific is the migration of ‘naive’ and ‘memory’ T Cells? Immunol. Today 17, 278–282 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Westby, M., Manca, F. & Dalgleish, A.G. The role of host immune responses in determining the outcome of HIV infection. Immunol. Today 17, 120–126 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Siekevitz, M. et al. Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T Cell mitogens and the transactivator protein of HTLV-I. Science 238, 1575–1578 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Grossman, Z. & Paul, W.E., Cellular interactions in the immune system: The tunable activation threshold and the significance of subthreshold responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10365–10369 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Grossman, Z. Cellular tolerance as a dynamic state of the adaptable lymphocyte. Immunol. Rev. 133, 45–73 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Grossman, Z. Recognition of self, balance of growth and competition: Horizontal networks regulate immune responsiveness. Eur. J. Immunol. 12, 747–756 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sloan-Lancaster, J., Evavold, B.D. & Allen, P.M. Induction of T-Cell anergy by altered T-Cell-receptor ligand on live antigen-presenting Cells. Nature 363, 156–159 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bachmann, M.F. et al. T Cell responses are governed by avidity and costimulatory thresholds. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 2017–2022 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Evavold, B.D. & Allen, P.M.S. Separation of IL-4 production from Th Cell proliferation by an altered T Cell receptor ligand. Science 252, 1308–1310 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Germain, R.N., Levine, E.H. & Madrenas, J. The T-Cell receptor as a diverse signal transduction machine. Immunologist 3, 113–121 (1995).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Grossman, Z. & Singer, A. Tuning of activation thresholds explains flexibility in the selection and development of T Cells in the thymus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14747–14752 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kawai, K. & Ohashi, P.S. Immunological function of a defined T-Cell population tolerized to low-affinity self antigens. Nature 374, 68–69 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Goodnow, C.C. Balancing immunity and tolerance: Deleting and tuning lymphocyte repertoires. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 2264–2271 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Immunol. Rev.149, 1996.

  27. Tough, D.F. & Sprent, J. Viruses and T Cell turnover: Evidence for bystander proliferation. Immunol. Rev. 150, 129–42 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Grossman, Z., Bentwich, Z. & Herberman, R.B. From infection to AIDS: Are manifestations of immune resistance to HIV infection misinterpreted? Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 69, 123–135 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Maddox, J. Duesberg and the new view of HIV. Nature 373, 189 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Arnold, B., Schonrich, G. & Hammerling, G.J. Multiple levels of peripheral tolerance. Immunol. Today 14, 12–14 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Grossman, Z., Herberman, R. T-cell homeostasis in HIV infection is neither failing nor blind: Modified cell counts reflect an adaptive response of the host. Nat Med 3, 486–490 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0597-486

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0597-486

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing