Abstract
Thrombosis, the blockage of blood vessels with clots, can lead to acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, both leading causes of death. Other than surgical interventions to remove or by pass the blockage, or the generation of collateral vessels to provide a new blood supply, the only treatment available is the administration ofthrombolytic agents to dissolve the blood clot. In this review, Desire Collen considers the properties and characteristics of staphylokinase that make it the thrombolytic agent of choice.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Collen, D. & Lijnen, H.R. Basic and clinical aspects of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis. Blood 78, 3114–3124 (1991).
Schlandt, R.C. (Chairman). Reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 90, 2091–2102 (1994).
Collen, D. Fibrin-selective thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 93, 857–865 (1996).
Collen, D. Trials comparing the available thrombolytic agents. Coron. Art. Dis. 3, 117–122 (1992).
Grünewald, M. & Seifried, E. Meta-analysis of all available published clinical trials (1958-1990) on thrombolytic therapy for AMI: relative efficacy of different ther-apeytic strategies. Fibrinolysis 8, 67–86 (1994).
The GUSTO Investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 673–682 (1993).
Collins, R., Peto, R., Baigent, C. & Sleight, P., pirin, heparin, and fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 847–860 (1997).
Califf, R.M. et al. One-year results from the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO-I) Trial. Circulation 94, 1233–1238 (1996).
Califf, R.M. et al. Selection of thrombolytic therapy for individual patients: development of a clinical model. Am. Heart J. 133, 630–639 (1997).
Lack, C.H. Staphylokinase: an activator of plasma protease. Nature 161, 559–560 (1948).
Gerheim, E.B. Staphylococcal coagulation and fibrinolysis. Nature 162, 732 (1948).
Christensen, L.R. Streptococcal fibrinolysis: a proteolytic reaction due to a serum enzyme activated by streptococcal fibrinolysin. J. Gen. Physiol. 28, 363–383 (1945).
Lewis, J.H., Kerber, C.W. & Wilson, J.H. Effects of fibrinolytic agents and heparin on intravascular clot lysis. Am. J. Physiol. 207, 1044–1048 (1964).
Kanae, K. Fibrinolysis by staphylokinase in vivo. Tokyo Jikeika Med. J. 100, 925–934 (1985).
Collen, D. et al. Mechanisms of activation of mammalian plasma fibrinolytic systems with streptokinase and with recombinant staphylokinase. Eur. J. Biochem. 216, 307–314 (1993).
Collen, D. & Lijnen, H.R., phylokinase, a fibrin-specific plasminogen activator with therapeutic potential ? Blood 84, 680–686 (1994).
Sako, T. et al. Cloning and expression of the staphylokinase gene of Staphylococcus aureus in Escherichia coli. Mol. Cen. Genet. 190, 271–277 (1983).
Behnke, D. & Gerlach, D. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus sanguis of a gene for staphylokinase - a bacterial plasminogen activator. Mol. Gen. Genet. 210, 528–534 (1987).
Collen, D., Silence, K., Demarsin, E., De Mol, M. & Lijnen, H.R. Isolation and characterization of natural and recombinant staphylokinase. Fibrinolysis 6, 203–213 (1992).
Sako, T. & Tsuchida, N. Nucleotide sequence of the staphylokinase gene from Staphylococcus aureus. Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 7679–7693 (1983).
Collen, D., Zhao, Z.A., Holvoet, P. & Marijnen, P. Primary structure and gene structure of staphylokinase. Fibrinolysis 6, 226–231 (1992).
Rabijns, A., De Bondt, H.L. & De Ranter, C. Three-dimensional-structure of staphylokinase, a plasminogen activator with therapeutic potential. Nat. Struct. Biol. 4, 357–360 (1997).
Schlott, B., Gührs, K.H., Hartmann, M., Röcker, A. & Collen, D. Staphylokinase requires NH2-terminal proteolysis for plasminogen activation, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6067–6072 (1997).
Collen, D. et al. On the mechanism of the activation of human plasminogen by recombinant staphylokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 8284–8289 (1993).
Sakharov, D.V., Lijnen, H.R. & Rijken, D.C. Interactions between staphylokinase, plasmin(ogen) and fibrin. Staphylokinase discriminates between free plasminogen and plasminogen bound to partially degraded fibrin. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27912–27918 (1996).
Lijnen, H.R. et al. On the mechanism of fibrin-specific plasminogen activation by staphylokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 11826–11832 (1991).
Lijnen, H.R., Van Hoef, B., Vandenbossche, L. & Collen, D. Biochemical properties of natural and recombinant staphylokinase. Fibrinolysis 6, 214–225 (1992).
Sabovic, M., Lijnen, H.R., Keber, D. & Collen, D. Effect of retraction on the lysis of human clots with fibrin-specific and non-fibrin specific plasminogen activators. Thromb. Haemost. 62, 1083–1087 (1989).
Sakai, M., Watanuki, M. & Matsuo, O. Mechanism of fibrin-specific fibrinolysis by staphylokinase: participation of α2-plasmin inhibitor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 162, 830–837 (1989).
Lijnen, H.R., Van Hoef, B., Matsuo, O. & Collen, D. On the molecular interactions between plasminogen-staphylokinase, α2-antiplasmin and fibrin. Biochim. Biophys. Ada 1118, 144–148 (1992).
Silence, K., Collen, D. & Lijnen, H.R. Regulation by α2-antiplasmin and fibrin of the activation of plasminogen with recombinant staphylokinase in plasma. Blood 82, 1175–1183 (1993).
Lijnen, H.R., De Cock, F., Matsuo, O. & Collen, D. Comparative fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic properties of staphylokinase and streptokinase in plasma of different species in vitro. Fibrinolysis 6, 33–37 (1992).
Collen, D. et al. Comparative thrombolytic and immunogenic properties of staphylokinase and streptokinase. Fibrinolysis 6, 232–242 (1992).
Collen, D., De Cock, F. & Stassen, J.M. Comparative immunogenicity and thrombolytic properties towards arterial and venous thrombi of streptokinase and recombinant staphylokinase in baboons. Circulation 87, 996–1006 (1993).
Collen, D. & Van de Werf, F. Coronary thrombolysis with recombinant staphylokinase in patients with evolving myocardial infarction. Circulation 87, 1850–1853 (1993).
Schlott, B. et al. High yield production and purification of recombinant staphylokinase for thrombolytic therapy. Biotechnology 12, 185–189 (1994).
Vanderschueren, S. et al. A randomized trial of recombinant staphylokinase versus alteplase for coronary artery patency in acute myocardial infarction. The STAR Trial Group. Circulation 92, 2044–2049 (1995).
Vanderschueren, S., Collen, D. & Van de Werf, F. A pilot study on bolus administration of recombinant staphylokinase for coronary artery thrombolysis. Thromb. Haemost 76, 541–544 (1996).
Vanderschueren, S. et al. A pilot randomized coronary patency trial of double-bolus recombinant staphylokinase versus front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 134, 213–219 (1997).
Vanderschueren, S. et al. Thrombolytic therapy of peripheral arterial occlusion with recombinant staphylokinase. Circulation 92, 2050–2057, (1995).
Declerck, P.J., Vanderschueren, S., Billiet, J., Moreau, H. & Collen, D. Prevalence and induction of circulating antibodies against recombinant staphylokinase. Thromb. Haemost. 71, 129–133 (1994).
Collen, D. et al. Recombinant staphylokinase variants with altered immunoreactiv-ity. I. Construction and characterization. Circulation 94, 197–206, (1996).
Collen, D., Moreau, H., Stockx, L. & Vanderschueren, S. Recombinant staphylokinase variants with altered immunoreactivity II. Thrombolytic properties and antibody induction. Circulation 94, 207–216 (1996).
Vanderschueren, S., Stassen, J.M. & Collen, D. Comparative antigenicity of recombinant wild-type staphylokinase (SakSTAR) and a selected mutant (SakSTAR M38) in a baboon thrombolysis model. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 27, 809–815 (1996).
Collen, D. et al. Recombinant staphylokinase variants with altered immunoreactivity III. Species variability of antibody binding patterns. Circulation 95, 455–462 (1997).
Collen, D., Stockx, L., Lacroix, H., Suy, R. & Vanderschueren, S. Recombinant staphylokinase variants with altered immunoreactivity IV. Identification of variants with reduced antibody induction but intact potency. Circulation 95, 463–472 (1997).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Collen, D. Staphylokinase: a potent, uniquely fibrin-selective thrombolytic agent. Nat Med 4, 279–284 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0398-279
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0398-279
This article is cited by
-
Bacterial exclusion and wound healing potential of horizontal platelet-rich fibrin (H-PRF) membranes when compared to 2 commercially available collagen membranes
Clinical Oral Investigations (2023)
-
Cloning and expression of staphylokinase-streptokinase recombinant protein in E. coli BL21(DE3)
Biologia (2023)
-
Plasminogen activation by staphylokinase enhances local spreading of S. aureus in skin infections
BMC Microbiology (2014)
-
Activity assessment of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2013)
-
Expression of a staphylokinase, a thrombolytic agent in Arabidopsis thaliana
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (2011)