As the major activator of HIV transcription, Tat drives viral gene expression. Now, it seems that in dendritic cells Tat also regulates the expression of chemokines that promote lymphocyte and monocyte migration. By recruiting susceptible host cells to infected dendritic cells, Tat may facilitate HIV dissemination (pages 191–197).
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Cullen, B.R. HIV-1 auxiliary proteins: making connections in a dying cell. Cell 93, 685–692 (1998).
Izmailova, E. et al. HIV-1 Tat reprograms immature dendritic cells to express chemoattractants for activated T-cells and macrophages. Nat. Med. 9, 191–197 (2003).
Perelson, A.S. Modeling viral and immune system dynamics. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 28–36 (2002).
Frank, I. & Pope, M. The enigma of dendritic cell-immunodeficiency virus interplay. Curr. Mol. Med. 2, 229–248 (2002).
Wei, P., Garber, M.E., Fang, S.M., Fischer, W.H. & Jones, K.A. A novel CDK9-associated C-type cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loop-specific binding to TAR RNA. Cell 92, 451–462 (1998).
Price, D.H. P-TEFb, a cyclin-dependent kinase controlling elongation by RNA polymerase II. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 2629–2634 (2000).
Schmidtmayerova, H. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine β peptide expression in human monocytes: implications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 700–704 (1996).
Canque, B. et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α is induced by human immunodeficiency virus infection of monocyte-derived macrophages. Blood 87, 2011–2019 (1996).
Swingler, S. et al. HIV-1 Nef mediates lymphocyte chemotaxis and activation by infected macrophages. Nat. Med. 5, 997–1003 (1999).
Messmer, D. et al. Endogenously expressed Nef uncouples cytokine and chemokine production from membrane phenotypic maturation in dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 169, 4172–4182 (2002).
Albini, A. et al. HIV-1 Tat protein mimicry of chemokines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13153–13158 (1998).
de Paulis, A. et al. Tat protein is an HIV-1-encoded β-chemokine homolog that promotes migration and up-regulates CCR3 expression on human FcεRI+ cells. J. Immunol. 165, 7171–7179 (2000).
Murphy, P.M. Viral exploitation and subversion of the immune system through chemokine mimicry. Nat. Immunol. 2, 116–122 (2001).
Ramratnam, B. et al. Rapid production and clearance of HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus assessed by large volume plasma apheresis. Lancet 354, 1782–1785 (1999).
Igarashi, T. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing antibodies accelerate clearance of cell-free virions from blood plasma. Nat. Med. 5, 211–216 (1999).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stevenson, M. Tat's seductive side. Nat Med 9, 163–164 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0203-163
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0203-163