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Parkinson's disease–associated mutant VPS35 causes mitochondrial dysfunction by recycling DLP1 complexes

Nature Medicine volume 22, pages 54–63 (2016)Cite this article

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Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a critical step during the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and increasing evidence suggests abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and quality control as important underlying mechanisms. The VPS35 gene, which encodes a key component of the membrane protein–recycling retromer complex, is the third autosomal-dominant gene associated with PD. However, how VPS35 mutations lead to neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that PD-associated VPS35 mutations caused mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death in cultured neurons in vitro, in mouse substantia nigra neurons in vivo and in human fibroblasts from an individual with PD who has the VPS35D620N mutation. VPS35-induced mitochondrial deficits and neuronal dysfunction could be prevented by inhibition of mitochondrial fission. VPS35 mutants showed increased interaction with dynamin-like protein (DLP) 1, which enhanced turnover of the mitochondrial DLP1 complexes via the mitochondria-derived vesicle–dependent trafficking of the complexes to lysosomes for degradation. Notably, oxidative stress increased the VPS35-DLP1 interaction, which we also found to be increased in the brains of sporadic PD cases. These results revealed a novel cellular mechanism for the involvement of VPS35 in mitochondrial fission, dysregulation of which is probably involved in the pathogenesis of familial, and possibly sporadic, PD.

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Figure 1: VPS35 regulates mitochondrial dynamics in vitro.
Figure 2: VPS35 regulates mitochondrial dynamics in vivo.
Figure 3: Inhibition of mitochondrial fission alleviates VPS35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal deficits.
Figure 4: VPS35 promotes clearance of the mitochondrial DLP1 complex.
Figure 5: The VPS35-DLP1 interaction is key to the turnover of mitochondrial DLP1 complexes.
Figure 6: The VPS35-containing retromer mediates mitochondrial DLP1 complex degradation through an MDV-to-lysosome pathway.

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Acknowledgements

This work is partly supported by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grant no. NS071184 (X.Z.), NS083498 (X.Z.) and NS085747 (X.W.)); the Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland; the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences component of the NIH and the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research (grant no. UL1TR000439; pilot award to X.Z.); the Chinese Overseas, Hong Kong and Macao Scholars Collaborated Research Fund (grant no. 81228007; X.Z.); the Shanghai Orientalist program (X.Z.), the Dr. Robert M. Kohrman Memorial Fund (X.Z.); the National Natural Science Fund of China (grant no. 81071024, 81171202, 30870879, 81228007 and 81471287; all to J.L.); the Wellcome Trust (grant no. 089928 and 085743; both to P.J.C.) and the Medical Research Council (grant no. MR/K018299/1; P.J.C.). We thank I. Kelmanson (Evrogen) for the mito-TagBFP construct and Y. Yoon (University of Rochester) for the DLP1WT and DLP1K38A constructs. Some Parkinson's disease tissue samples were obtained from the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, which is supported in part by the Public Health Service contract (HHS-NIH-NIDA (MH)-13-265), and from the NIH Neurobiobank at the University of Maryland.

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Author notes

  1. Wenzhang Wang and Xinglong Wang: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Wenzhang Wang, Xinglong Wang & Xiongwei Zhu

  2. Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Hisashi Fujioka

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Charles Hoppel

  4. Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Charles Hoppel

  5. Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Alan L Whone

  6. Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Maeve A Caldwell

  7. The Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Peter J Cullen

  8. Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Jun Liu

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Contributions

X.Z. and X.W. conceived and directed the project, interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript. W.W. and X.W. designed and carried out experiments, analyzed results and generated figures. H.F. helped with electron microscopy (EM) and the immuno-EM study; C.H. helped with bioenergetics measurements; A.L.W., M.A.C. and P.J.C. contributed fibroblasts from the individual with PD who has the VPS35D620N mutation and provided feedback on the manuscript; and J.L. contributed to the conception of the project, design of the experiments and the interpretation of results, and provided feedback on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xinglong Wang, Jun Liu or Xiongwei Zhu.

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Wang, W., Wang, X., Fujioka, H. et al. Parkinson's disease–associated mutant VPS35 causes mitochondrial dysfunction by recycling DLP1 complexes. Nat Med 22, 54–63 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3983

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