Abstract
The involvement of the MET oncogene in de novo and acquired resistance of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has previously been reported, but the precise mechanism by which MET overexpression contributes to TKI-resistant NSCLC remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate gene expression, and their dysregulation has been implicated in tumorigenesis. To understand their role in TKI-resistant NSCLCs, we examined changes in miRNA that are mediated by tyrosine kinase receptors. Here we report that miR-30b, miR-30c, miR-221 and miR-222 are modulated by both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and MET receptors, whereas miR-103 and miR-203 are controlled only by MET. We showed that these miRNAs have important roles in gefitinib-induced apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the expression of the genes encoding BCL2-like 11 (BIM), apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF-1), protein kinase C ɛ (PKC-ɛ) and sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (SRC). These findings suggest that modulation of specific miRNAs may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of NSCLCs.
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Change history
30 March 2022
Editor’s Note: we are alerting readers that concerns have been raised about the integrity of images in this paper. These issues are currently being reviewed by the editors. A further editorial response will follow upon conclusion of the review.
19 November 2013
In the version of this article initially published, the actin loading control of the western blot in Figure 1a was a rotated duplicate of the actin control in Figure 1h. The authors have not been able to provide the original control data, but they have repeated the experiment and have provided new blots (Fig. 1) that are now published as part of the correction notices linked to the HTML version and attached to the PDF version of the article. The original blots remain in both online versions of the article. In addition, Figure 6g contained a spliced gel that has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
07 January 2014
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0114-103
04 October 2022
This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02044-2
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Acknowledgements
We thank K. Huebner and S. Lutz for revisions to the paper and P. Fadda and S. Miller for qRT-PCR assistance. We also thank K. Sergott and Ventana Medical Systems for supplying the immunohistochemistry reagents used in this study. M. Nuovo (The Ohio State University Medical Center) kindly provided the photomicroscopy work. We are grateful for research support from The Ohio State University Targeted Investment in Excellence Award, the US National Institutes of Health grant CA113001 and the Kimmel Scholar Award (M.G.).
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M.G. designed the research. M.G., G.R., G.D.L., Y.-J.J., A.N. and F.L. performed the research. G.D.L. and J.S. conducted the mouse experiments. G.N. performed the IHC and ISH experiments. H.A. performed the microarray experiments and analyses. K.P.N. and G.C. provided discussions and advice. J.A.E., M.O. and J.K.R. provided cells with acquired gefitinib resistance. S.V. and L.C. performed bioinformatics analyses. M.G. and C.M.C. wrote the paper.
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Supplementary Results, Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Figures 1–16 and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 (PDF 3184 kb)
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Garofalo, M., Romano, G., Di Leva, G. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: EGFR and MET receptor tyrosine kinase–altered microRNA expression induces tumorigenesis and gefitinib resistance in lung cancers. Nat Med 18, 74–82 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2577
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2577
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