The quality, rate and results of scientific research in Europe lag behind those in the United States, according to a 21 September report from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The Economic Survey of the European Union 2009 report says government regulations stymie scientific collaboration and innovation because of a general lack of mobility of researchers across Europe. Many are forced to stay in a particular institution or country, it says, to retain research grants, for example. Nigel Pain, OECD senior economist and a report author, says easing mobility would facilitate research and innovation, and potentially create more research posts.