Although most immunologists do not routinely combine experiments with theoretical and mathematical modeling, new insights can be gained from this interdisciplinary approach. But what makes a good theoretical model?
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Comparative transcriptome analysis of rice cultivars resistant and susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA
BMC Genomics Open Access 19 August 2022
-
Mathematical Models for Immunology: Current State of the Art and Future Research Directions
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Open Access 06 October 2016
-
Multiscale modeling of mucosal immune responses
BMC Bioinformatics Open Access 25 August 2015
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Watson, J. & Crick, F. Nature 171, 737 (1953).
Burnet, F.M. The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity (Vanderbilt Univ. Press, Nashville, 1959).
Billingham, R.E., Brent, L. & Medawar, P.B. Nature 172, 603–606 (1953).
Bretscher, P. & Cohn, M. Science 169, 1042 (1970).
Afferty, K.J. & Cunningham, A. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 53, 27–42 (1975).
Perelson, A.S. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 28–36 (2002).
Vallitutti, S., Muller, S., Cella, M., Padovan, E. & Lanzavecchia, A. Nature 375, 148–151 (1995).
McKeithan, K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5042–5046 (1995).
Monks, C.R., Freiberg, B.A., Kupfer, H., Sciaky, N. & Kupfer, A. Nature 395, 82–86 (1998).
Grakoui, A. et al. Science 285, 221–227 (1999).
Ritchie, L.I. et al. Immunity 16, 595–606 (2002).
Lee, K.H. et al. Science 295, 1539–1542 (2002).
Hailman, E., Burack, W.R., Shaw, A.S., Dustin, M.L. & Allen, P.M. Immunity 16, 839–848 (2002).
Irvine, D.J., Purbhoo, M.A., Krogsgaard, M. & Davis, M.M. Nature 419, 845–849 (2002).
Coombs, D., Kalergis, A.M., Nathenson, S.G., Wofsy, C. & Goldstein, B. Nat. Immunol. 3, 926–931 (2002).
Qi, S.Y., Groves, J.T. & Chakraborty, A.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6548–6553 (2001).
Lee, K. et al. Science, published online 25 September 2003 (doi:10.1126/Science.1086507).
Hoffmann, A., Levchenko, A., Scott, M.L. & Baltimore, D. Science 298, 1241–1245 (2002).
Miller, M.J., Wei, S.H., Cahalan, M.D. & Parker, I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 2604–2609 (2003).
del Pozo, M.A. et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 3609–3620 (1999).
Wedlich-Sodner, A. et al. Science 299, 1231–1235 (2003).
Stoll, S., Delon, J., Brotz, T.M. & Germain, R.N. Science 296, 1873–1876 (2002).
Bousso, P., Bhakta, N.R., Lewis, R.S. & Robey, E. Science 296, 1876–1880 (2002).
Acknowledgements
We thank T.A. Springer and D. Leja for images in Figure 1, and M.M. Davis, S.Y. Qi, A.R. Dinner, R.N. Germain, S. Raychaudhuri, Y. Hori, J.T. Groves and S.J. Lee for discussions on the involvement of modeling in cellular immunology. Supported by the National Institutes of Health.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chakraborty, A., Dustin, M. & Shaw, A. In silico models for cellular and molecular immunology: successes, promises and challenges. Nat Immunol 4, 933–936 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1003-933
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1003-933
This article is cited by
-
Comparative transcriptome analysis of rice cultivars resistant and susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA
BMC Genomics (2022)
-
Mathematical Models for Immunology: Current State of the Art and Future Research Directions
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology (2016)
-
Multiscale modeling of mucosal immune responses
BMC Bioinformatics (2015)
-
Mathematical Simulation of Membrane Protein Clustering for Efficient Signal Transduction
Annals of Biomedical Engineering (2012)
-
Modeling of B cell Synapse Formation by Monte Carlo Simulation Shows That Directed Transport of Receptor Molecules Is a Potential Formation Mechanism
Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering (2010)