Although some cellular responses induced by TLRs are abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, TLR4, unlike TLR9, can still induce activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. The discovery of a cytoplasmic adapter protein for TLR4, called TIRAP, helps explain this phenomenon.
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Henneke, P., Golenbock, D. TIRAP: how Toll receptors fraternize. Nat Immunol 2, 828–830 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0901-828
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0901-828
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