Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Commentary
  • Published:

Careers in immunology: the new reality

Are appropriate numbers of scientists being trained for research in immunology? Available data suggest that supply is not yet outstripping opportunities. The form of those opportunities, though, should change.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References

  1. National Research Council. Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers (National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995).

  2. National Research Council. Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists (National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1998).

  3. National Research Council. Addressing the Nation's Changing Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists (National Academy Press, Washington DC, 2000).

  4. Marincola, E. & Solomon, F. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 3003–3006 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Sanderson, A., Dugoni, B., Hoffer, T. & Selfa, L. Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities: Summary Report 1998, 102 (National Opinion Research Center, Chicago, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  6. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies. Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 1997 NSF 99–325 (National Science Foundation, Arlington, 1999)

  7. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies. Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 1998 NSF 00–322 (National Science Foundation, Arlington, 2000).

  8. Hill, S. T. Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 1998 NSF 00–304 (National Science Foundation, Arlington, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  9. National Research Council, Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy. Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers: A guide for postdoctoral scholars, advisors, institutions, funding organizations, and disciplinary societies (National Academy Press, Washington DC, 2000).

  10. Association of American Medical Colleges. AAMC DATA Book: Statistical information related to medical schools and teaching hospitals (AAMC, Washington DC, 2000).

  11. National Institutes of Health. Report of the NIH Working Group on New Investigators (NIH, Bethesda, 1997).

  12. Seto, B. FASEB News 33, 5–6 ( 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Graduate Education: Consensus Conference Report. (FASEB, Bethesda, 1997).

  14. American Chemical Society, Department of Career Services. Current Trends: Chemists' employment 5/2000 (ACS, Washington DC, 2000).

  15. American Institute of Physics, Education and Employment Statistics Division. 1998 Initial Employment Report: Follow-up of 1997 physics and astronomy degree recipients (AIP, College Park, 1999).

  16. Ammons, S. W. & Kelly, D. E. Acad. Med. 72, 820–830 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy. Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields, 249–306 (National Academy Press, Washington DC, 2000).

  18. Biomedical Research and Development Price Index (http://www4.od.nih.gov/ofm/brdpi/1979-96.stm)

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank T. Zemlo and M. Hernandez for their comments and suggestions and K. Kang for assistance in obtaining NSF survey data. Opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the institutions and organizations with whom the authors are affiliated.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Garrison, H., Kincade, P. Careers in immunology: the new reality. Nat Immunol 2, 5–8 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/83165

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/83165

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing